Chapter 10 ~ Classification And Evolution Flashcards
What is classification?
The name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups organisms within each groups share similar features
What is biological classification system?
Classification grouping living organisms based on their similar anatomical features
What are biological classification systems?
Hierachial
What are the groups in a hierarchy referred to as
Taxonomic groups
What are the seven taxonomic group?
Kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species
This is known as the linnaeun and classification
Why do scientist classify organisms?
To identify species to predict characteristics and define evolutionary links
How are organisms classified?
They separated into three domains, a.k.a. bacteria and eukaryote
They are then classified as individual species
How do you name organisms?
Using binomial, nomenclature
How do you name using binomial Norman culture?
Using genus and species
What are the rules for naming organisms?
You should write in italics or underline name should be written in lowercase, and Genice, which name should be in uppercase
What are the five kingdoms?
Prokaryote protoctista fungi plantae Animalia
Explain the features of prokaryote
Unicellular
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Bring of DNA and small ribosomes
Explain the function of protoctista
Unicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Chloroplast
Nutrients are required by photosynthesis
Explain the features of fungi
Unicellular or multicellular
Contain a , nucleus and other membrane bone organelles
No chloroplast or chlorophyll
Body or mycellium made of threads or hyphae neutrons acquired by absorption, as they are sacrophtic feeders
Features of plantae
Multicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Chlorophyll
Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
Store store food as starch start
Features of Animalia
Multicellular
Contain nucleus and other organelles
No chloroplast
Nutrients acquired by ingestion
Food stored as glycogen
What is a 3-D domain system?
It was proposed by Carl worse
He grouped organisms using differences in their sequences of nucleotides in the cells. RNA, as well as the cell membrane lipid structure.
Organisms are classified into three domains and six kingdoms
What are the three domains?
Eukarya archaea bacteria
How many ribosomes does eukarya have?
80 s ribosomes RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins
How many ribosomes does archaea have
70 s RNA polymerase contain 8-10 proteins
How many ribosomes in bacteria
70s RNA contain 5
What are the two kingdoms divided into in woese’s system?
Archaebacteria $ eubacteria
What is archaebacteria
Ancient which can live in extreme environments
What 15 eubacteria
True bacteria found in au environments
What is phylogeny?
The name given to evolutionary relationships between organisms
What is advantages of phylogenetic c classification?
Phylogony produces a continuous tree, whereas classification, requires discreet, taxonomical groups
The hierarchical nature of Lynian classification can be misleading as it implies that different groups within the same rank are equivalent
What is evolution?
Process by which organisms change over time
How does evolution occur?
Natural selection
What is natural selection?
It states that organisms that are better adapted to their environment, have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing passing on the alleles to their offspring
evidence for evolution
Paleontology which is the study of fossil and the fossil record
Comparative antonomy. Is a study of similarities and differences between an organisms anatomy
Comparative biochemistry, which is the similarities and differences between the chemical make up of an organism
How are fossils formed
When animal and plants are preserved in rocks and over long periods of time sediment is deposited on the Earth, which form layers of rock
What is evidence provided by the fossil record?
Fossils of the simplest organisms such as bacteria and algae are found in all rocks, whereas fossils which are more complex found in recent rocks. This supports evolutionary theory that simple lifeform gradually evolved over an extremely long period of time into more complex ones.
The sequence in which organ are found matches the ecological link to each other
Scientist control, how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
Fossils allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated
What is comparative anatomy?
The study of the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species
What is a homologous structure?
Structure that appears superficially different in different organisms, but I have the same underlying structure
What is a divergent evolution?
This describes how from a common ancestor difference species have evolved each of the different set of adaptive features. This type of evolution occurs when closing related species diversity to adapt a new habitat as a result of migration or lots of habitat.
What is comparative biochemistry?
Study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes
What is interspecific variation?
Variation which occurs when comparing individuals of differing species
Define intraspecific variation
Differences between organisms within a species
What are the causes of variation?
- an organism genetic material - differences in the genetic material and organism inherit from its parents which leads to a genetic variation
- environment the organism lives in which causes environmental variation
What is genetic variation due to?
Alleles
Mutation
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
Chance
Define how alleles cause variation
Each gene have a different allele, which contains a particular characteristic
Define how mutations cause genetic variation
Changes DNA sequence which changes the gene which can lead to changes in proteins are coded for which affects physical and metabolic characteristics
How does meiosis affect genetic variation?
Gametes produced by the process of meiosis, each gamete receives 1/2 genetic content of a parent cell.
Independent assortment , before nucleus, divides and chromatids, separate genetic material, inherited from the two parents mixed up
How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation?
Offspring produced from two individuals inherit genes from each of the parents
What are environmental causes of variation?
Factors such as the way they live
What is discontinuous variation?
Characteristic that can only result in certain values
What is continuous variation?
Characteristics which can take place within the range
What is a normal distribution curve?
When continuous data is put it onto a graph, which results in a bow shaped curve, which is known as a normal distribution curve
What are the statistical test?
Standard deviation students t test correlation coefficient
