Chapter 8 The body in health and illness Flashcards
4 anatomical areas of the brain
1 hindbrain
2 midbrain
3 forebrain
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
4 cerebrum
- basal ganglia
- cortex
what is a stroke and what has the FAST strategy to do with it?
rupture in a blood vessel in the brain
- consequently parts of the brain lose access to oxygen
the response to a stroke is expressed with the acronym
F- face (do both sides move when you try to smile)
A- Arms (is one of them weak)
S- Speech (Slurred?)
T- Time (gotta act fast and call an ambulance as soon as a sign of a stroke arises)
what do thromoblytic drugs do
affect blood clotting
how do strokes in the two hemispheres differ in the symptoms they often cause
left hemisphere: usually language impaired
right hemisphere: usually movement impaired
hemiplegia and hemiparesis: what is the difference
hemiplegia- paralysis of one side of the body
hemiparesis - weakness of one side
dysphasia
inability to produce and sometimes to understand speech
dysarthria
muscular problems lead to poor speech
aphasia
brain damage leads to impaired speech production or comprehension
apraxia
brain damage leads to iinability to execute purposeful actions
hemianopia what is it and what are its two types
loss of one side of the visual field
- homonymous hemianopsia: loss of same side of visual field in both eyes
- heteronymous hemianopsia: loss of different sides of the visual field in each eye
autonomic nervous system
overrides local control of the organs to produce organized control of most of the bodily systems in response to outer influences
which of the parts of the autonomic nervous system would be responsible if the heart was beating faster and breathing was accelerated
sympathetic NS
what is the purpose of the endocrine glands
produce and secrete hormones in the blood or lymph systems
may affect one organ or tissue or the entire body
where are the adrenal glands, where do they get their info from
above each kidney,
cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (noradrenaline)
what part of the body is responsible for the release of cortisol into the bloodstream
pituitary gland - sits right under brain and receives info from the hypothalamus
- releases adrenocortiotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- ACTH leads to the release of corticosteroids (most importantly CORTISOL)
cortisol purpose
corticosteroid that reduces inflammatory reaction of the body and instead supplies more energy and oygen in periods of high intensity activity
name some of the organs of the immune system
physical barriers - skin
mechanical barriers - saliva, urin, tears, cilia
chemical barriers - stomach acid, tears, sweat
harmless pathogens - live inside the body
lymph nodes - (tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix)
lymphocyte
definition - type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and other substances fighting disease
phagocyte
can surround other microorganism and destroy it + cleans waste
t cell
recognizes antigens on the body of infected cells and destroys them
helper t cells
involved in the proliferation of cytotoxic t cells to aid immune response
(HIV impairs this function)
what cell type is responsible for long-term protection against a pathogen
b-cells (specifically memory b cells)
natural killer cells
attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells
why is chronic stress problematic in regards to immune function
corticosteroids suppress immune function and prevent it from functioning long-term
- less ingestion of cells by macrophages
- less production of t cells
HIV
affects T helper cells which then can’t activte target b cells and t cells
- eventually die
- proliferation of infected t helper cells leads to more in circulation
- body may start attacking its own t helper
kaposi’s sarcoma
tumor of connective tissue often associated with aids
treatment drugs for aids
protease inhibitors
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
fusion inhibitors
antiretroviral drug
prevents reproduction of a retrovirus like HIV
autoimmune conditions
number of conditions like Type 1 diabetes, crohns disease, rheumatoid arthritis characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system
type 1 and type 2 diabetes difference
type 1 - too little insulin
type 2 - resistance to insulin
pancreas
gland behind stomach producing insulin and enzymes for digestion
what happens without proper functioning insulin
glucose accumulates in blood, body can’t use it
ketoacidosis - coma
increased thirst and urination, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue
how is rheumatoid arthritis triggered
genetic predisposition + virus infection
what is multiple sclerosis
disease of brain and spinal cord caused by progressive degeneration of myelin sheath around dominant nervous fibres
name symptoms of MS
debilitating fatigue, muscular spasticity, sight loss, low bowel or bladder control, loss of limb function
- differs across individuals
gamma interferon
chemical implicated in MS
- used to produce cytotoxic t cells that attack diseased or damaged body cells
- t cells in MS attack wrongly the myelin cells of brain and spinal cord
beta interferon
inhibits activity of gamma interferon
- regular injection s
- fever, muscle aches, fatigue, headaches
peristaltis
natural movement of bowels to transport the bowel contents
digestion processes controlled by hormones
gastrin for acid production
secretin stimulates pancreas for digestive enzymes
cholecytoskinin makes gall bladder for bile
what is the enteric nervous system responsible for
gastrointestinal mbility and secretion
action of smooth muscle in the gut
helibacter pylori (baceteria) is responsible for 70% of what?
stomach ulcers
- weakens coating of the stomach
ulcerative colitis
inflammatory disease of the large intestine
fever, abdominal pain, severe diarrhea
may develop into cancer
what is a stoma
to drain stool from the large intestine, also called colon, sometimes you need to open the abdominal wall. this can be the case for some people with chronic disorders like morbus crohn or it can be temporary
irritable bowel syndrom - what is it physical consequence
no specific one - diagnosed on basis of jsut symptoms
may be triggered by infection but long term stress-caused
which vessels transport blood to heart, which away from it
arteries away
veins towards
right and left pump of heart - where do they transport to
right - lungs
left- rest of the body
what is an erythrocyte
type of blood cell that carries hemoglobin to carry oxygen to bodily tissues
what are platelets
blood cells responsible for clotting in case of rupture
disatolic and systolic blood pressure difference
diastolic - restriction within blood vessels
systelic - additional pressure caused by pumping motion of heart
hypertension
significantly too high resting blood pressure
can be cause by obesity, high salt intake, lack of exercise, psychological stress (primary)
can occur as a consequence of a disorder invoving the kidneys, adrenal glands or aorta (secondary, accounts for ~ 5% of cases)
ACE inhibitors
dilate blood vessels
angiotensin II contracts
diuretics
accelerate the rate of urine excretion - rids body of fluids in cardiovascular system
beta blockers
reduce activity of epinephrine and norepinephrine on b-adrenergic receptors which mediate the fight or flight reposne
Coronary heart disease
atheroma builds up on the lining of the arteries - usually cholesterol
low density lipoproteins
bad kind of cholesterol
elevated levels correlate with CHD
high density lipoproteins
high levels defend against CHD
responsible for getting excess lipoproteins to liver for excretion of repackaging
mycardial infection
blood vessel is blocked - prevents transport of oxygen - impact depends on size of blood vessel and where it delivers to
can be serious
clot busters used as medication
name the two causes for angina
vasospasm and atheromatous lesions
what is the 2nd most common cancer
lung cancer
what does copd stand for
chronic obductive pulmonary disease
which type of lung cancer can be treated with radiotherapy
small cell lung cancer
non-small cell cancer can only be cured by surgically removing it
