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Health and Medical Psychology > Chapter 8 The body in health and illness > Flashcards

Chapter 8 The body in health and illness Flashcards

1
Q

4 anatomical areas of the brain

A

1 hindbrain
2 midbrain
3 forebrain
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
4 cerebrum
- basal ganglia
- cortex

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2
Q

what is a stroke and what has the FAST strategy to do with it?

A

rupture in a blood vessel in the brain
- consequently parts of the brain lose access to oxygen
the response to a stroke is expressed with the acronym
F- face (do both sides move when you try to smile)
A- Arms (is one of them weak)
S- Speech (Slurred?)
T- Time (gotta act fast and call an ambulance as soon as a sign of a stroke arises)

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3
Q

what do thromoblytic drugs do

A

affect blood clotting

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4
Q

how do strokes in the two hemispheres differ in the symptoms they often cause

A

left hemisphere: usually language impaired
right hemisphere: usually movement impaired

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5
Q

hemiplegia and hemiparesis: what is the difference

A

hemiplegia- paralysis of one side of the body
hemiparesis - weakness of one side

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6
Q

dysphasia

A

inability to produce and sometimes to understand speech

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7
Q

dysarthria

A

muscular problems lead to poor speech

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8
Q

aphasia

A

brain damage leads to impaired speech production or comprehension

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8
Q

apraxia

A

brain damage leads to iinability to execute purposeful actions

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9
Q

hemianopia what is it and what are its two types

A

loss of one side of the visual field
- homonymous hemianopsia: loss of same side of visual field in both eyes
- heteronymous hemianopsia: loss of different sides of the visual field in each eye

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

overrides local control of the organs to produce organized control of most of the bodily systems in response to outer influences

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11
Q

which of the parts of the autonomic nervous system would be responsible if the heart was beating faster and breathing was accelerated

A

sympathetic NS

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the endocrine glands

A

produce and secrete hormones in the blood or lymph systems
may affect one organ or tissue or the entire body

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13
Q

where are the adrenal glands, where do they get their info from

A

above each kidney,
cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (noradrenaline)

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14
Q

what part of the body is responsible for the release of cortisol into the bloodstream

A

pituitary gland - sits right under brain and receives info from the hypothalamus
- releases adrenocortiotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- ACTH leads to the release of corticosteroids (most importantly CORTISOL)

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15
Q

cortisol purpose

A

corticosteroid that reduces inflammatory reaction of the body and instead supplies more energy and oygen in periods of high intensity activity

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16
Q

name some of the organs of the immune system

A

physical barriers - skin
mechanical barriers - saliva, urin, tears, cilia
chemical barriers - stomach acid, tears, sweat
harmless pathogens - live inside the body
lymph nodes - (tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix)

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17
Q

lymphocyte

A

definition - type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and other substances fighting disease

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18
Q

phagocyte

A

can surround other microorganism and destroy it + cleans waste

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19
Q

t cell

A

recognizes antigens on the body of infected cells and destroys them

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20
Q

helper t cells

A

involved in the proliferation of cytotoxic t cells to aid immune response
(HIV impairs this function)

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21
Q

what cell type is responsible for long-term protection against a pathogen

A

b-cells (specifically memory b cells)

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22
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells

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23
Q

why is chronic stress problematic in regards to immune function

A

corticosteroids suppress immune function and prevent it from functioning long-term
- less ingestion of cells by macrophages
- less production of t cells

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24
HIV
affects T helper cells which then can't activte target b cells and t cells - eventually die - proliferation of infected t helper cells leads to more in circulation - body may start attacking its own t helper
25
kaposi's sarcoma
tumor of connective tissue often associated with aids
26
treatment drugs for aids
protease inhibitors reverse transcriptase inhibitors fusion inhibitors
27
antiretroviral drug
prevents reproduction of a retrovirus like HIV
28
autoimmune conditions
number of conditions like Type 1 diabetes, crohns disease, rheumatoid arthritis characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system
29
type 1 and type 2 diabetes difference
type 1 - too little insulin type 2 - resistance to insulin
30
pancreas
gland behind stomach producing insulin and enzymes for digestion
31
what happens without proper functioning insulin
glucose accumulates in blood, body can't use it ketoacidosis - coma increased thirst and urination, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue
32
how is rheumatoid arthritis triggered
genetic predisposition + virus infection
33
what is multiple sclerosis
disease of brain and spinal cord caused by progressive degeneration of myelin sheath around dominant nervous fibres
34
name symptoms of MS
debilitating fatigue, muscular spasticity, sight loss, low bowel or bladder control, loss of limb function - differs across individuals
34
gamma interferon
chemical implicated in MS - used to produce cytotoxic t cells that attack diseased or damaged body cells - t cells in MS attack wrongly the myelin cells of brain and spinal cord
35
beta interferon
inhibits activity of gamma interferon - regular injection s - fever, muscle aches, fatigue, headaches
36
peristaltis
natural movement of bowels to transport the bowel contents
37
digestion processes controlled by hormones
gastrin for acid production secretin stimulates pancreas for digestive enzymes cholecytoskinin makes gall bladder for bile
38
what is the enteric nervous system responsible for
gastrointestinal mbility and secretion action of smooth muscle in the gut
39
helibacter pylori (baceteria) is responsible for 70% of what?
stomach ulcers - weakens coating of the stomach
40
ulcerative colitis
inflammatory disease of the large intestine fever, abdominal pain, severe diarrhea may develop into cancer
41
what is a stoma
to drain stool from the large intestine, also called colon, sometimes you need to open the abdominal wall. this can be the case for some people with chronic disorders like morbus crohn or it can be temporary
42
irritable bowel syndrom - what is it physical consequence
no specific one - diagnosed on basis of jsut symptoms may be triggered by infection but long term stress-caused
43
which vessels transport blood to heart, which away from it
arteries away veins towards
44
right and left pump of heart - where do they transport to
right - lungs left- rest of the body
45
what is an erythrocyte
type of blood cell that carries hemoglobin to carry oxygen to bodily tissues
46
what are platelets
blood cells responsible for clotting in case of rupture
47
disatolic and systolic blood pressure difference
diastolic - restriction within blood vessels systelic - additional pressure caused by pumping motion of heart
48
hypertension
significantly too high resting blood pressure can be cause by obesity, high salt intake, lack of exercise, psychological stress (primary) can occur as a consequence of a disorder invoving the kidneys, adrenal glands or aorta (secondary, accounts for ~ 5% of cases)
49
ACE inhibitors
dilate blood vessels angiotensin II contracts
50
diuretics
accelerate the rate of urine excretion - rids body of fluids in cardiovascular system
51
beta blockers
reduce activity of epinephrine and norepinephrine on b-adrenergic receptors which mediate the fight or flight reposne
52
Coronary heart disease
atheroma builds up on the lining of the arteries - usually cholesterol
53
low density lipoproteins
bad kind of cholesterol elevated levels correlate with CHD
54
high density lipoproteins
high levels defend against CHD responsible for getting excess lipoproteins to liver for excretion of repackaging
55
mycardial infection
blood vessel is blocked - prevents transport of oxygen - impact depends on size of blood vessel and where it delivers to can be serious clot busters used as medication
56
name the two causes for angina
vasospasm and atheromatous lesions
57
what is the 2nd most common cancer
lung cancer
58
what does copd stand for
chronic obductive pulmonary disease
59
which type of lung cancer can be treated with radiotherapy
small cell lung cancer non-small cell cancer can only be cured by surgically removing it

Health and Medical Psychology (12 decks)

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