Chapter 3 Health Risk Behavior Flashcards
What is a A: behavioral pathogen, and B: a behavioral immunogen?
A: behavior found to worsen health and lead to disease and B: behavior thought to improve health and prevent disease.
health risk
factor that raises the probability of disease
name the ALAMEDA 7 behavioral immunogens
sleeping 7-8 hours a night, not smoking, consuming no more than 2 drinks a day, regular exercise, 3 regular meals without snacks between, eating breakfast, no more than 10% overweight
which two factors of the ALAMEDA 7 are not actually related to mortality?
eating breakfast and no snacking
top ten risk factors for death (account for more than 1/3rd of deaths worldwide)
- High blood pressure
- Tobacco consumption
- High blood glucose
- Physical inactivity
- Overweight and obesity
- High cholesterol
- Unsafe sex
- Alcohol consumption
- Childhood underweight
- Indoor smoke from solid fuels
Morbidity
costs associated with illness such as disability, injury
how many deaths are accounted to tobacco use worldwide (%)
9%
age-specific mortality
number of deaths per 100.000 per year according to certain age groups
how many units of alcohol are recommended for men and women according to the WHO
men: 3
women: 2
generally noone should have more than 4 units per night
tobacco contains tars and carbon monoxide which are suggested to cause (answer in %)
____ of coronary heart diseases,
____ of lung cancer
____ of chronic obstructive airway disease
answer choices: 80, 70, 30
30 - CHD
70 - LC
80 - COAD
what is the impact of smoking tobacco on the body?
CO reduces circulation of oxygen in the blood
nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate
narrowing of arteries and increased likelihood in thrombosis
what is carcinogenesis
The process by which normal cells become cancer cells
name three main factors that distinguish those that engage in problem-drinking from those that don’t
social learning experience
genetics and family history
psychopathology
Developing a tolerance to a substance and subsequently having to increase the dosis of it to get the known effects or alternatively avoiding withdrawal - What is this process
addiction
HIV prevalence
36.9 million people
reasons for decrease in prevalence of HIV
- antiretroviral therapies
- health behaviors (no needle sharing, condom use)
is alcohol a stimulant or a depressant (in its function on the CNS)
a depressant
effects of alcohol
low dose - behavioral inhibition
high dose - increased likelihood of accidents
very high dose - affects respiratory rate
(can lead to coma and death)
what can interventions be aimed at when tackling alcohol abuse
behavior interventions
self-esteem improvements
moderate alcohol consumption is healthy/unhealthy
healthy
why might moderate consumption of red wine actually reduce the likelhood of cardiovascular disease?
because of its polyphenolic compounds like flavanol - has antioxidative/ anti-inflammatory effects (prevent carcinogenesis)
Why can the mode of ingestion of illicit drugs sometimes be an additional risk factor for chronic disease?
Injection via syringe can lead to HIV infection
what are endorphins?
natural-occurring opiate-like chemicals used by the brain
the heavy consumption of what drug can lead to liver cyrrhosis?
alcohol
people used to be punished for their dependency. Why is that?
moral ethos about drinking
who drinks is responsible for it and does so on purpose
so you may judge them for it fully
greater affliction of which gender for HIV
homosexual population: men
heterosexual population: women
how do you prevent HPV
condom not sufficient
virus lives on the whole genital area
use of condoms - who does it? name some statistics
men more commonly use condoms than women
men with many sexual partners that are not new use them the least out of any demographic
older people use them less than younger people
non-white ethnicity + non-christian religion correlated with greater use
condom use declines after around 6 months in new relationship
how many cancer deaths are attributable (at least in part) to poor diet?
35%
what is cholesterol used for by the body
production of bile
is synthesized to produce steroid hormones
cholesterol
find it in food - contains lipo-proteins
low density lipoproteins can cause plaque in arteries (referred to as bad cholesterol)
high density LP is good cholesterol because it accelerates the processing and removal of the bad cholesterol from the arteries by the liver
difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis - plaques are laid down on artery walls if the circulating cholesterol is too high
arteriosclerosis - artery walls harden and get less elastic
what phenomena is coronary artery disease made up from
atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
coronary artery disease makes up primary cause for coronary heart disease
do economic factors have an influence on diet
yes
systolic blood pressure
maximum pressure of blood on the arteries occuring at the end of the left ventricle output
diastolic blood pressure
minimum pressure of the blood on the artery walls between heart beats
calculate the BMI for this person
189 cm tall
male
88 kg
24,63
obesity as a risk factor
hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, lower back pain, respiratory problems, some forms of cancer
obesity facts
three-fold increase in last 3 decades in
china, america, canada, australia
biggest child disorder
low social class related to obesity in females not males
