Chapter 1 What's Health

Question 1

What did Hippocrates account illness to?

Answer 1

The four fluids/ humors of the body (yellow phlegm, bile, blood, black bile)

Question 2

Relate the four bodily fluids to specific personalities

Answer 2

yellow bile - angry personality
black bile - sad personality
blood - optimistic/ sanguine personality
phlegm - calm or phlegmatic personality

Question 3

Did the greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen believe in an influence of the mind on the etiology of illness?

Answer 3

No, physical humors and the temperaments are the only basis.

Question 4

What philosophy did Descartes found in the 17th century

Answer 4

Dualism - body and mind separate but interact

Question 5

Define the biomedical model of illness

Answer 5

A mechanicistic approach that describes the conviction that the etiology of illness lies in exclusively physiological phenomena

Question 6

Which of these is a reductionist approach?:
A :Biomedical model of health
B: Dualism
C: model of 4 bodily temperaments

Answer 6

A and C

Question 7

What is the model that is currently used by medicine to explain illness?

Answer 7

The biopsychosocial model

Question 8

What were the predominant reasons for high mortality in the past? What are they today?

Answer 8

past: infectious diseases
today: heart, lung and respiratory diseases as well as dementias

Question 9

top ten causes of death worldwide

Answer 9

1. ischemic heart disease
2. stroke
3. lower repsiratory infection
4. COPD
5. Diarrheal diseases
6. HIV
7. Lung diseases
8. DIabetes Mellitus
9. Road injury
10. Prematurity
    (in the more developed countries, cancer always among top 5)

Question 10

define incidence

Answer 10

the number of new cases of a specific disease in a defined time interval

Question 11

define prevalence

Answer 11

the number of established cases of a specific disease in a specific population at a defined point in time

Question 12

What is health?

Answer 12

general sense of well-being (being)
absence of symptoms of disease (having)
performing things that healthy people are capable of doing (doing)

Health can be seen as a state of equilibrium of different aspects of a person encompassing physical, psychoogical, social and emotional well-being.

WHO: A state of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not just merely the absence of disease.

Question 13

Holistic approach of health

Answer 13

Concerned with the overall wel-being of the individual rather than reducing it to the purely observable

Question 14

Name the factors of the developmental process

Answer 14

Learning, Experience and Maturation

Question 15

What are the 8 major life stages?

Answer 15

Infancy.
Toddlerhood.
Preschool years.
Early school years.
Adolescence.
Young adulthood.
Middle adulthood.
Late adulthood.

Question 15

What are the 8 major life stages?

Answer 15

Infancy.
Toddlerhood.
Preschool years.
Early school years.
Adolescence.
Young adulthood.
Middle adulthood.
Late adulthood.

Question 16

Along which dimensions vary the 8 life stages?

Answer 16

1: cognitive and intellectual functioning
2: language and communication
3: the understanding of illness
4: health care and maintenance behavior

Question 17

name the 4 developmental stages of Piaget

Answer 17

sensorimotor - movement and sensation
preoperational - symbolic thought, language develops (2-7)
concrete operational - abstract thought, mental operations and calculations (7-11)
formal operational - abstract thought and imagination develop + deductive thinking (not everyone reaches)

Question 18

how does the concept of illness develop for children?

Answer 18

gradually
preoperational: the child accounts illness to magic circumstances
phenomenonism (illness as sight or sound that is associated with the illness), contagion, incomprehension
concrete operational: causal sequence that leads to disease, medical staff has absolute authority, child can be encouraged to perform health beahviors
formal operational: interactions of person with environment understanding severity and controllability, more personal control

Question 19

Define epidemiology

Answer 19

The study of patterns of disease in different age groups and the association with other lfestyle factors

Question 20

What is meant by 3rd and 4th age (relating to the age of an individual)

Answer 20

The 3rd age describes the ages 65-80 in which not everyone gets sick or dies - it is also known as the age of fulfilment
The 4th age describes ages 80+ and is more highly related to disability and dependence

Question 21

Describe how different models understand ‘ageing well’

Answer 21

biomedical model - physical and psychological functioning
broader biomedical model - as above but includes social engagement and activity
social functioning model - nature and frequency of social networks
psychological resources model - own personality traits of self-efficacy, sense of purpose, coping, optimism
lay model - above factors as well as socioeconomic variables like income or perceoved social capital

Question 22

health psychology purpose

Answer 22

connects psychological, social, cognitive and developmental factors to further understanding of biopsychosocial factors involved in
promotion and maintenance of health, imporving policies, improving treatment of disease and causes of illness