Chapter 1 What's Health Flashcards
What did Hippocrates account illness to?
The four fluids/ humors of the body (yellow phlegm, bile, blood, black bile)
Relate the four bodily fluids to specific personalities
yellow bile - angry personality
black bile - sad personality
blood - optimistic/ sanguine personality
phlegm - calm or phlegmatic personality
Did the greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen believe in an influence of the mind on the etiology of illness?
No, physical humors and the temperaments are the only basis.
What philosophy did Descartes found in the 17th century
Dualism - body and mind separate but interact
Define the biomedical model of illness
A mechanicistic approach that describes the conviction that the etiology of illness lies in exclusively physiological phenomena
Which of these is a reductionist approach?:
A :Biomedical model of health
B: Dualism
C: model of 4 bodily temperaments
A and C
What is the model that is currently used by medicine to explain illness?
The biopsychosocial model
What were the predominant reasons for high mortality in the past? What are they today?
past: infectious diseases
today: heart, lung and respiratory diseases as well as dementias
top ten causes of death worldwide
- ischemic heart disease
- stroke
- lower repsiratory infection
- COPD
- Diarrheal diseases
- HIV
- Lung diseases
- DIabetes Mellitus
- Road injury
- Prematurity
(in the more developed countries, cancer always among top 5)
define incidence
the number of new cases of a specific disease in a defined time interval
define prevalence
the number of established cases of a specific disease in a specific population at a defined point in time
What is health?
general sense of well-being (being)
absence of symptoms of disease (having)
performing things that healthy people are capable of doing (doing)
Health can be seen as a state of equilibrium of different aspects of a person encompassing physical, psychoogical, social and emotional well-being.
WHO: A state of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not just merely the absence of disease.
Holistic approach of health
Concerned with the overall wel-being of the individual rather than reducing it to the purely observable
Name the factors of the developmental process
Learning, Experience and Maturation
What are the 8 major life stages?
Infancy.
Toddlerhood.
Preschool years.
Early school years.
Adolescence.
Young adulthood.
Middle adulthood.
Late adulthood.
What are the 8 major life stages?
Infancy.
Toddlerhood.
Preschool years.
Early school years.
Adolescence.
Young adulthood.
Middle adulthood.
Late adulthood.
Along which dimensions vary the 8 life stages?
1: cognitive and intellectual functioning
2: language and communication
3: the understanding of illness
4: health care and maintenance behavior
name the 4 developmental stages of Piaget
sensorimotor - movement and sensation
preoperational - symbolic thought, language develops (2-7)
concrete operational - abstract thought, mental operations and calculations (7-11)
formal operational - abstract thought and imagination develop + deductive thinking (not everyone reaches)
how does the concept of illness develop for children?
gradually
preoperational: the child accounts illness to magic circumstances
phenomenonism (illness as sight or sound that is associated with the illness), contagion, incomprehension
concrete operational: causal sequence that leads to disease, medical staff has absolute authority, child can be encouraged to perform health beahviors
formal operational: interactions of person with environment understanding severity and controllability, more personal control
Define epidemiology
The study of patterns of disease in different age groups and the association with other lfestyle factors
What is meant by 3rd and 4th age (relating to the age of an individual)
The 3rd age describes the ages 65-80 in which not everyone gets sick or dies - it is also known as the age of fulfilment
The 4th age describes ages 80+ and is more highly related to disability and dependence
Describe how different models understand ‘ageing well’
biomedical model - physical and psychological functioning
broader biomedical model - as above but includes social engagement and activity
social functioning model - nature and frequency of social networks
psychological resources model - own personality traits of self-efficacy, sense of purpose, coping, optimism
lay model - above factors as well as socioeconomic variables like income or perceoved social capital
health psychology purpose
connects psychological, social, cognitive and developmental factors to further understanding of biopsychosocial factors involved in
promotion and maintenance of health, imporving policies, improving treatment of disease and causes of illness
