Chapter 5 Explaining Health Behavior Flashcards
Distal influences on health behavior
culture
environment
age
gender
SES
ethincity
personality
(some distal factors operate on behavior indirectly by influencing proximal factors)
proximal influences on health behavior
specific beliefs and attitudes towards health risks and behaviors
how does age influence the puclic health secotr
predominantly attention goes towards the behaviors acquired at young age
name the dimensions of the Eysenck 3-factor model and explain what it describes
explains personality
extroversion-introversion
neuroticism-emotional stability
psychoticism-self control
McCrae and COstas 5 factor model
what are these factors also referred to as?
neuroticism
extroversion
openness to experience
agreeableness
conscientiousness
the big five
high extroversion, openness to experience and neuroticism increase ________
risk-taking behavior
highly neurotic individuals sometimes display neophobia. what is that
a persistent and chronic fear of anything new
personality aspects that influence health behavior
locus of control
–> if outside, one’s own responsibility for the own health is seen as less important
self-efficacy
perceived control of behavior
self-determination theory
name core concepts and idea
relatedness, autonomy, and competence are basic needs that influence how much behavior is self-motivated
difference between injunctive and descriptive norms
injunctive - how others want you to behave
descriptive - how we expect others behave
social cognition theory
model of social knwoledge and hbehavior that highlights the effect of cogntive factors on behavior
health behavior serves coping functions
problem solving
avoidance
time out
prevention
what are SMART goals
specific
measurable
attainable
realistic
timely
according to existential theory what does the individual need to attain mental health/ happiness
meaning in their life
define attitude
common-sense representation that people hold towards objects, people, events
what are attitudes made of
cognitive, behavioral and emotional components
ambivalence
person’s motivation to change is undermined by conflicting attitudes
what makes measuring attitudes so diffciult
social desirability bias
measurment of implicit attitudes
less subject to bias but also harder to change
measurment of implicit attitudes
less subject to bias but also harder to change
unrealistic optimisim
thinking negative outcomes only affect others
factors associated with unrealistic optimism
lack of personal experience
belief that actions can change the problem
belief that problem is unlikely to emerge in the future if it hasn’t appeared already
belief that problem is rare
socio-cognitive theory
by Bandura
behavior is determined by 3 types of expectancies
- situation-outcome expectancies
-outcome expectancies
-self-efficacy beliefs
also considers barriers and facilitators to behavior change such as social support and environmental factors
health belief model
lieklihood that individual engages in health behavior depends on demographic factors
4 beliefs that may arise following a particular external or internal cue to action
- perception of threat
- behavioral evaluation
- cues to action
- health motivation
perceived benefits from behavior outweigh any barriers to that behavior
preventative behavior follows from perception of susceptibility
limitation of the Health belief model
better at prediciting initiation of health-preventative behavior than stopping risk-behavior
no interrelationships between the factors
model tested better against intention than actual behavior
limited account of social influences
fails to consider self efficacy
insufficient attention to mood
static model that suggests that beliefs occur simulatenously
theory of planned behavior
behavior is determined by the individual’s perception about the social context and their outcome expectations
individuals act in goal directed manner
outcomes are weighed
how is behavior determined according to theory of reasoned planning
intention is formed that is influenced by attitude, perceptions towards social norm, pressures regarding the behavior
name an example how a negative attitude can be overcome in theory of planned behavior
if the individual has a negative attitude towards behavior change like towards dieting but there is a perceived social norm (subjective norm) to diet in their friend circle and they have enough motivation to comply, their negative attitude might be overcome and behavior changed.
what is the third factor besides subjective social norm and attitude in ToPP
perceived behavioral control
- influenced by past successes or losses
-
illness representation
beliefs about particulalr illness and state of health
what are the 5 domains of leventhal and what concept can they be assigned to
identity, timeline, cause, consequences, control/cure
illness representation
primary reason for smoking behavior according to theory of PP
low perceived behavioral control
how was the theory of PP extended
habits
anticipatory regret
past behavior
moral norms
self-identity
social support
planning
implementation intentions
individuals need to shift from planning to exercisieng their plans
creates a mental link between situation and exercising the plan
_______ goals lead to higher chance of goal attainment than ________
proximal; distal
what is a stage model and what concept is it used for, to explain, in health psychology
stage theory requirements (weinstein)
- ordering of stages
- classification system to define stages
- similar barriers to change facing people in same stages
- different barriers to change facing people in different stages
transtheoretical model
describes the process of eliciting and maintaining intentional behavior change
(assumptions: people move through stages; processes in each stage are different)
name the stages of motivational readiness
pre-contemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
termination
relapse
states of change model - name some of its properties
spiral model (moving not in right order through stages but changes different)
limitations of the TTM
some changes in behavior resulted from change to action rather than precede it
past behavior is a powerful key
validity of 5 independent stages is low
not sufficiently covers the social part
we can explain deliberate actions to change health risks with the precaution adaptation process model - how many stages does it have?
7 stages
explain three of the stages of the PAPM
stage1 - no knowledge of health threat
stage2 - awareness but not convinced of personal threat
stage3 - engagement starts (consideration stage)
stage4 - perceived threat + susceptibility are high but some decide not to act
stage5 - some decide to act (motivation changes to volition)
stage6 -action stage, health behavior has been initiated
stage7 - not always necessary, behavior maintenance
limitation of PAPM
lack of longitudinal testing
health action process approach (HAPA)
both static and staged components
there is at least a motivational and volitional phase
how does the HAPA fill the intention-behavior gap?
highlights the importance fo post-motivational self-efficacy and action plannign
divide the HAPA in motivation and volition phase
motivation phase:
intention is formed
self-efficacy and outcome expectancies are important
threat severity and personal susceptibility only distal factors
volition phase:
conscious decision that involves planning is made to turn intention into action
initiative self-efficacy (different than motivational phase) is needed to tackle spontaneously arising circumstances
maintaining of action - coping S.-E. is needed
limitations of the HAPA
insufficient modeling of behavior of young people
insufficient attention given to non-conscious processes
