Chapter 8 Test Flashcards
what set the stage for the revolutions in latin america?
successful american and french revolution
enlightenment ideas
ideas about liberty, equality, and democratic rule
domination of european colonial powers
latin american social class hierarchy
peninsulares - born in spain, not many, held high office in gov’t
creoles - spaniards born in latin america, couldn’t hold high offices but could rise as officers in army
mestizos - mix of european and indian
mulattos - mix of european and african
enslaved africans
indians
what colony was part of hispaniola in the carribbean sea and was called saint dominigue
haiti
Toussaint L’Ouverture
1791 slave revolt leader
gov’t in paris backs to the revolt against slave masters by sending french officials to support it
1793 slavery abolished
l’ouverture makes himself governor-general for life and rules as a dictator
napoleon doesn’t trust him and doesn’t want him to inspire revolts in other French colonies, so napoleon captures him in 1802 and he dies in 1803
who takes over after l’ouverture and continues to fight french rule
jean-jacques dessalines
why and when does napoleon pull his troops out of haiti
bc he’s fighting a huge war against great britain in 1803
when is haiti recognized as independent by france
1804
argentina revolution
1810 juntas defeat spanish forces
1816 argentina declares independence
1817 jose de san martin becomes leader of argentina
1817 frees chile w the help of O’Higgins to get rid of spaniards there to make argentinian independence easier
1821 defeats royalist forces from lima and becomes protector of peru
meets with bolivar in 1822 in ecuador to combine forces to defeat the spanish in Battle of Ayacucho(Peru) in 1824
simon bolivar
venezuela:
1810 started a liberating junta in Caracas to build a republic
1811 declared independence
1811-14 civil war and bolivar goes into exile bc the leaders want to prevent a revolution
1816 comes out of exile and captures bogota to use as a base to atack royalist forces in venezuela
1821 independence is won, captures caracas, named president
battle of ayacucho : bolivar and san martin
1822 meeting at guayaquil ecuador to decide political future of s america
1824 bolivar defeats remaining spanish forces i ayacucho, peru
ends spain’s reign in s america
what did san martin and bolivar each want at their meeting in guayaquil
san martin - constitutional monarchy
bolivar - elections
san martin retires to europe and gives his army to bolivar to remove spanish forces in peru
gran colombia
venezuela, colombia, panama, and ecuador
who led the revolutionary movements in most latin american countries (not mexico)?
creoles
who led the revolutionary movement in mexico
indians and mestizos (groups mixed freely)
what did fr hidalgo do?
1810 rang the bells of his village church in dolores. peasants/indians/blacks/mestizos/urban and rural workers gathered and he issued a call for rebellion against the spanish. this is the cry of Dolores
his followers captured major cities and marched on to Mexico City
1811 is captured and executed
who takes over the mexican cause after hidalgo is executed?
fr morelos
he is executed in 1815 for leading uprisings
who unifies in the mexican revolution that wre usually adversaires?
peninsulares and creoles in order to keep their positions in the face of uprisings
what happens in mexico in1821 after King Ferdinand VII takes the Spanish throne?
creoles and peninsulares are afraid he’ll make changes that will deprive them of power and position
they declare independence from spain and make augusin de Iturbide emperor
why is the brazilian revolutionary movement different from all the others?
no bloodshed or violent upheavals
why does the portuguese royal family come to brazil?
to flee napoleon and escape capture since napoleon was invading portugal at the time
what did prince john/joao do in brazil?
he listens to and addresses complaints about the economy from the locals. he makes brazil a kingdom, no longer a colony of portugal. then he becomes king john/joao VI
what does king john do when returning to portugal and how do the people resond
they return bc napoleon was defeated. king john appoints his son Dom Pedro to rule. king john wanted to make brazil a colony again, but creoles had declared independence from portugal in 1822 by getting 8,000 brazilians to sign a petition asking dom pedro to rule as emperor
conservative
usually wealthy proberty owners and nobility. they argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of europe
liberal
mostly middle class business leaders and merchants. they wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only te educated and the landowners would vote
