Chapter 8 Test Flashcards
what set the stage for the revolutions in latin america?
successful american and french revolution
enlightenment ideas
ideas about liberty, equality, and democratic rule
domination of european colonial powers
latin american social class hierarchy
peninsulares - born in spain, not many, held high office in gov’t
creoles - spaniards born in latin america, couldn’t hold high offices but could rise as officers in army
mestizos - mix of european and indian
mulattos - mix of european and african
enslaved africans
indians
what colony was part of hispaniola in the carribbean sea and was called saint dominigue
haiti
Toussaint L’Ouverture
1791 slave revolt leader
gov’t in paris backs to the revolt against slave masters by sending french officials to support it
1793 slavery abolished
l’ouverture makes himself governor-general for life and rules as a dictator
napoleon doesn’t trust him and doesn’t want him to inspire revolts in other French colonies, so napoleon captures him in 1802 and he dies in 1803
who takes over after l’ouverture and continues to fight french rule
jean-jacques dessalines
why and when does napoleon pull his troops out of haiti
bc he’s fighting a huge war against great britain in 1803
when is haiti recognized as independent by france
1804
argentina revolution
1810 juntas defeat spanish forces
1816 argentina declares independence
1817 jose de san martin becomes leader of argentina
1817 frees chile w the help of O’Higgins to get rid of spaniards there to make argentinian independence easier
1821 defeats royalist forces from lima and becomes protector of peru
meets with bolivar in 1822 in ecuador to combine forces to defeat the spanish in Battle of Ayacucho(Peru) in 1824
simon bolivar
venezuela:
1810 started a liberating junta in Caracas to build a republic
1811 declared independence
1811-14 civil war and bolivar goes into exile bc the leaders want to prevent a revolution
1816 comes out of exile and captures bogota to use as a base to atack royalist forces in venezuela
1821 independence is won, captures caracas, named president
battle of ayacucho : bolivar and san martin
1822 meeting at guayaquil ecuador to decide political future of s america
1824 bolivar defeats remaining spanish forces i ayacucho, peru
ends spain’s reign in s america
what did san martin and bolivar each want at their meeting in guayaquil
san martin - constitutional monarchy
bolivar - elections
san martin retires to europe and gives his army to bolivar to remove spanish forces in peru
gran colombia
venezuela, colombia, panama, and ecuador
who led the revolutionary movements in most latin american countries (not mexico)?
creoles
who led the revolutionary movement in mexico
indians and mestizos (groups mixed freely)
what did fr hidalgo do?
1810 rang the bells of his village church in dolores. peasants/indians/blacks/mestizos/urban and rural workers gathered and he issued a call for rebellion against the spanish. this is the cry of Dolores
his followers captured major cities and marched on to Mexico City
1811 is captured and executed
who takes over the mexican cause after hidalgo is executed?
fr morelos
he is executed in 1815 for leading uprisings
who unifies in the mexican revolution that wre usually adversaires?
peninsulares and creoles in order to keep their positions in the face of uprisings
what happens in mexico in1821 after King Ferdinand VII takes the Spanish throne?
creoles and peninsulares are afraid he’ll make changes that will deprive them of power and position
they declare independence from spain and make augusin de Iturbide emperor
why is the brazilian revolutionary movement different from all the others?
no bloodshed or violent upheavals
why does the portuguese royal family come to brazil?
to flee napoleon and escape capture since napoleon was invading portugal at the time
what did prince john/joao do in brazil?
he listens to and addresses complaints about the economy from the locals. he makes brazil a kingdom, no longer a colony of portugal. then he becomes king john/joao VI
what does king john do when returning to portugal and how do the people resond
they return bc napoleon was defeated. king john appoints his son Dom Pedro to rule. king john wanted to make brazil a colony again, but creoles had declared independence from portugal in 1822 by getting 8,000 brazilians to sign a petition asking dom pedro to rule as emperor
conservative
usually wealthy proberty owners and nobility. they argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of europe
liberal
mostly middle class business leaders and merchants. they wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only te educated and the landowners would vote
radical
favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. they believed that gov’ts should practice the ideals of the french revolution - liberty, equality, and brotherhood
juntas
groups of creoles/fight and govern - threw out royalists
which group in the latin american social hierarchy is like the third estate, except they didn’t care about the people below them?
creoles
who supported the mother countries in latin america?
peninsulares, they wanted no change - like the royalists in the french revolution
what did san martin and bolivar work together to creat/
gran colombia
united provinces of central america
nicaragua, guatemala, honduras, el salvador, costa rica
who didnt like the congress of vienna
nationalists and liberals
what did nationalists want
ethnicity as basis for political unity
popular sovereignty
what did liberals want
fair trade to make more money
constitutional monarchy, not democracy
democracy = evil, allows lower classes to rise up
who didnt like nationalism and liberalism and why not?
monarchs, wealthy people w land, established churches
didnt agree w the enlightenment
only trusted wealthy people and aristocratic gov’ts
representative gov’t threatened their way of life
nationalism
the belief that people’s greatest loyalty shouldn’t be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. this blurred the lines btw the 3 political theories
nation state
when a nation had its own independent gov’t
nation states during 1815
france, england, and spain
who believed in nationalism
liberals (middle classes) and radicals
when did the old order established at the congress of vienna break down
by the 1830’s
which group’s ideas dominated by 1849, taking over the ideas that had controlled gov’ts before 1848
by 1849, europe had practically returned to the conservatism that had controlled gov’ts before 1848. In 1848 however, liberal ideas were spread and practiced
who tried to restore france to an absolute monarchy in 1830?
Charles X - this sparked riots that forced him to flee to great britain
who was charles x replaced by
Louis-Philippe, who had long supported liberal reforms in France
when did louis philippe fall from popularity
1848 - a mob overturned the monarchy and established a republic, which began to fall apart immediately
what happened to french radicals after a republic was instilled?
they split into factions: one side wanted only political reform while the other also wanted social and economic reform.
how did the radicals fall from power in france
they had battles in parisian streets, which turned citizens away from them. as a result, a moderate constitution was written in 1848 that called for a parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people
who won the presidential election in 1848 in france
louis-napoleon, who later took the title emperor napoleon III. the people accepted an emperor bc they were weary of instability
what did louis napoleon do for the people of france
built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted public works, less unemployment, and prosperity
what did czar nicholas I threaten to do in 1853
take over part of the ottoman empire in the Crimean War, but since they were lacking development in industries and transportation, they couldn’t supply their troops, causing them to lose against france,gb, sardinia, and the ottoman empire
nicholas’s son who decided to move russia toward modernizatio and socaial change
alexander II
alexander II’s reforms
freeing serfs in 1861, which only went halfway. peasant communities received about half the farmland in the country, and nobles kept the other half. the gov’t paid the nobles for their land. however, each peasant community had 49 years to pay the gov’t for the land they received, so while the serfs were free the debt tied them to the land
alexander III (successor to alexander II after he was killed)
tightened czarist control over the country
encouraged industrial development to expand’s russia power (driven by nationalism)
