Chapter 6 People Flashcards
ruled Russis 1762-1796 sought to reform Russia formed a Commision to review laws wanted religious toleration and o abolish capital punishment and torture unable to accomplish any of her goals only put in little reforms army crushed the rebellion favored to end serfdom w/ the revolt decided she needed the nobles support
Catherine the Great
most radical refomer
introduced legal reforms and freedom of press
supported freedom of worship
abolished serfdom and ordered peasants be paid for their labor
Joesph II
king of Prussia
committed himself to refomring Russia
granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education
reformed justice system and abolished use of torture
changes only did little
did not believe in serfdom but did nothing to do it
Fredrick the Great
created large set of books where scholars submitted essays called in the encyclopedia
Denis Diderot
published an Essay called A Vindiction of the Rights of Women
the essay disagreeded w/ Rosseau that womens education should be secondary to mens
Mary Wollstonecraft
- Polish cleric and astronomer in early 1500s
- heliocenric theory - sun is center of universe
- 1543 book on deathbed: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
Copernicus
Danish astronomer who recorded his observations of planets for years and left it to his followers
Brahe
Brahe’s assistant that said mathematical laws govern planetary motion: one is planets revolve around sun in elliptical orbits, not circles in 1601 - supported Copernicus’s basic ideas
Kepler
built his own telescope in 1609
pubished Starry Messenger in 1610 - jupiter has 4 moons, sun has dark spots, earth’s moon has uneven surface - against aristotle and supporting copernicus, against church
published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in 1632
knelt before cardinals to say that he was wrong as a confession and was on house arrest after
Galileo Galilei
English statesman and writer
attacked medieval scholars for relying too heavily on the conclusions of aristotle and other ancient thinkers
urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions - this is empricism/experimental method
Bacon
relied on math and logic
everything should be doubted until proved by reason
Rene Descartes
puplished a series of prposals to the ladies
addresses the lack of educational opportunities for women
Mary Astell
turned thoughts to the justice system
believed laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
critized the common abuse of punishment
said a person accused of a crime should recieve a spedy trial and torture should not be used
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
passionately commited to individual freedom
won recognition as a writer of essays
strongly disagreed with other enlightenment thinkers
said civilization corrupted peoples natural goodness
Rousseau
devoted himself to the study of political liberty
believed Britain was the best governed and most politically balanced
british ing held executive power
oversimplified British system
wrote on the spirit of laws
seperation of powers
Montesquieu
studied at Cambridge University
all physical objects are affected equally by the same forces
universal gravitation linked heaven to earth
degree of attraction depends on the mass of objects and distance btw them
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy - universe is like big clock
Isaac Newton
most brilliant published more then 70 books used satire enemies with the French went to jail twice never stopped fighting for freedom of speech, tolerance and religion used quill pen as a weapon
Voltaire
people could learn from experiance
ppl have the ability to govern their own affairs
criticized absolutemonarchy
all ppl had 3 natural rights
John Locke
wrote the leviathan
said all humans were selfish
said ppl had to hand in rights to a ruler
created social contract
Hobbes
medical scientists
Galen
Andreas Vesalius
Edward Jenner
founder of modern chemistry
wrote a book called The skeptical chemist
challneged aristoled ideas that the physical world consited of 4 elements
Robert Boyle
people hand over their rights to a strong ruler and in exchange for law and order aka social contract
ruler needed total power bc people act in their own self interest
best gov’t was the on e that had the awesome power of the leviathan
Hobbes
ppl could learn from experience and improve themselves
ppl are reasonable beings and had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society
did not like absolutism and favored self gov’t
all ppl born free and equal w natural rights: life, liberty, property
purpose of gov’t is to protect those rights
if a gov’t fails to do so, ppl have a right to overthrow it
Locke
Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, freedom of speech
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Voltaire
He proposed that the separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government
Power should be a check to power
Montesquieu
Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society—direct democracy.
In this system, people gave up some of their freedom for the common good
Political philosophy is outlined in The Social Contract 1762
Social contract is an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government
Legitimate government came from the consent of the governed.
All people are equal and title of nobility should be abolished
Rousseau
Governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
Disliked torturing witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings in trials and arbitrary punishments
The accused have a right to speedy trial, torture should never be used.
Degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime
No capital punishment
Beccaria
Critical of lack of educational opps. For women
Critical of unequal relationship between men and women in marriage
“If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?…If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”
Astell
Women like men, need education to become virtuous and useful
Urged women to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics
Wollstonecraft
