Chapter 6 People

Question 1

ruled Russis 1762-1796
sought to reform Russia 
formed a Commision to review laws 
wanted religious toleration and o abolish capital punishment and torture
unable to accomplish any of her goals 
only put in little reforms 
army crushed the rebellion 
favored to end serfdom w/ the revolt decided she needed the nobles support

Answer 1

Catherine the Great

Question 2

most radical refomer
introduced legal reforms and freedom of press
supported freedom of worship
abolished serfdom and ordered peasants be paid for their labor

Answer 2

Joesph II

Question 3

king of Prussia
committed himself to refomring Russia
granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education
reformed justice system and abolished use of torture
changes only did little
did not believe in serfdom but did nothing to do it

Answer 3

Fredrick the Great

Question 4

created large set of books where scholars submitted essays called in the encyclopedia

Answer 4

Denis Diderot

Question 5

published an Essay called A Vindiction of the Rights of Women
the essay disagreeded w/ Rosseau that womens education should be secondary to mens

Answer 5

Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 6

• Polish cleric and astronomer in early 1500s
• heliocenric theory - sun is center of universe
• 1543 book on deathbed: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies

Answer 6

Copernicus

Question 7

Danish astronomer who recorded his observations of planets for years and left it to his followers

Answer 7

Brahe

Question 8

Brahe’s assistant that said mathematical laws govern planetary motion: one is planets revolve around sun in elliptical orbits, not circles in 1601 - supported Copernicus’s basic ideas

Answer 8

Kepler

Question 9

built his own telescope in 1609
pubished Starry Messenger in 1610 - jupiter has 4 moons, sun has dark spots, earth’s moon has uneven surface - against aristotle and supporting copernicus, against church
published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in 1632
knelt before cardinals to say that he was wrong as a confession and was on house arrest after

Answer 9

Galileo Galilei

Question 10

English statesman and writer
attacked medieval scholars for relying too heavily on the conclusions of aristotle and other ancient thinkers
urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions - this is empricism/experimental method

Answer 10

Bacon

Question 11

relied on math and logic

everything should be doubted until proved by reason

Answer 11

Rene Descartes

Question 12

puplished a series of prposals to the ladies

addresses the lack of educational opportunities for women

Answer 12

Mary Astell

Question 13

turned thoughts to the justice system
believed laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
critized the common abuse of punishment
said a person accused of a crime should recieve a spedy trial and torture should not be used

Answer 13

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

Question 14

passionately commited to individual freedom
won recognition as a writer of essays
strongly disagreed with other enlightenment thinkers
said civilization corrupted peoples natural goodness

Answer 14

Rousseau

Question 15

devoted himself to the study of political liberty
believed Britain was the best governed and most politically balanced
british ing held executive power
oversimplified British system
wrote on the spirit of laws
seperation of powers

Answer 15

Montesquieu

Question 16

studied at Cambridge University
all physical objects are affected equally by the same forces
universal gravitation linked heaven to earth
degree of attraction depends on the mass of objects and distance btw them
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy - universe is like big clock

Answer 16

Isaac Newton

Question 17

most brilliant
published more then 70 books 
used satire 
enemies with the French 
went to jail twice 
never stopped fighting for freedom of speech, tolerance and religion 
used quill pen as a weapon

Answer 17

Voltaire

Question 18

people could learn from experiance
ppl have the ability to govern their own affairs
criticized absolutemonarchy
all ppl had 3 natural rights

Answer 18

John Locke

Question 19

wrote the leviathan
said all humans were selfish
said ppl had to hand in rights to a ruler
created social contract

Answer 19

Hobbes

Question 20

medical scientists

Answer 20

Galen
Andreas Vesalius
Edward Jenner

Question 21

founder of modern chemistry
wrote a book called The skeptical chemist
challneged aristoled ideas that the physical world consited of 4 elements

Answer 21

Robert Boyle

Question 22

people hand over their rights to a strong ruler and in exchange for law and order aka social contract
ruler needed total power bc people act in their own self interest
best gov’t was the on e that had the awesome power of the leviathan

Answer 22

Hobbes

Question 23

ppl could learn from experience and improve themselves
ppl are reasonable beings and had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society
did not like absolutism and favored self gov’t
all ppl born free and equal w natural rights: life, liberty, property
purpose of gov’t is to protect those rights
if a gov’t fails to do so, ppl have a right to overthrow it

Answer 23

Locke

Question 24

Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, freedom of speech
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Answer 24

Voltaire

Question 25

He proposed that the separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government
Power should be a check to power

Answer 25

Montesquieu

Question 26

Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society—direct democracy.
In this system, people gave up some of their freedom for the common good
Political philosophy is outlined in The Social Contract 1762
Social contract is an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government
Legitimate government came from the consent of the governed.
All people are equal and title of nobility should be abolished

Answer 26

Rousseau

Question 27

Governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
Disliked torturing witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings in trials and arbitrary punishments
The accused have a right to speedy trial, torture should never be used.
Degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime
No capital punishment

Answer 27

Beccaria

Question 28

Critical of lack of educational opps. For women
Critical of unequal relationship between men and women in marriage
“If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?…If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”

Answer 28

Astell

Question 29

Women like men, need education to become virtuous and useful

Urged women to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics

Answer 29

Wollstonecraft