Chapter 8 Study Guide Flashcards
Autotroph
Organisms that make their own foods.
Heterotroph
Organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume- not the sun directly.
Adenosine Triphosphate
One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy.
Photosynthesis
Plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar.
Pigment
What plants use to gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules.
Chlorophyll
The plant’s principal pigment. It is what makes a plant green because it absorbs green light.
What is the first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Light absorption
Thylakoid
Sacklike photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts.
Stroma
Where the Calvin Cycle takes place.
NADP+
(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). It accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H+).
Light-Dependent Reaction
Reactions that require sunlight. Produce oxygen gas and converts ADP into ATP as well as NADP+ into NADPH.
ATP Synthase
A protein that allows H+ ions to pass through it. As they do, the protein rotates like a turbine.
Calvin Cycle
A cycle where plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.
What happens to cells placed in an isotonic solution?
They neither gain nor lose water.
What happens to cells placed in a hypotonic solution?
Animal cells will swell and burst.
Facilitated Diffusion
When molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer directly move through the protein channels instead.
Active Transport of molecules and ions against a concentration difference requires….
Transport proteins and energy.
ATP can be compared to a fully charged battery because…
Both contain stored energy, whereas ADP resembles a partially charged battery.
Photosystem II
Absorbs light to break up water molecules into energized electrons, hydrogen ions (H+), and oxygen.
Hydrogen Ion Movement
When the inside of the thylakoid membrane fills up with positive hydrogen ions the outside of the thylakoid membrane will be negatively charged and the inside positively.
Electron Transport Chain
What high-energy electrons from Photosystem II move through to Photosystem I.
Photosystem I
Electrons released by Photosystem II are energized again in Photosystem I. Enzymes in the membrane use the electrons to form NADPH. NADPH is used to make sugar in the Calvin Cycle.
ATP Formation
As hydrogen ion passes through ATP synthase, their energy is used to convert ADP into ATP.
Step A of Calvin Cycle
CO2 enters the cycle. 6 carbon dioxide molecules are combined with 6 5-carbon molecules to produce 3-carbon molecules.
Step B of Calvin Cycle
Energy Input. Energy from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert the twelve 3-carbon molecules into higher-energy forms.
Step C of Calvin Cycle
6-Carbon on Sugar Produced. Two 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle to produce sugars, lipids, aminoacids, and other compounds.
Step D of Calvin Cycle
5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated. The 1- remained 4-carbon molecules are converted back into six 5-Carbon molecules, which are used in the next cycle.
A plant is an…
Autotroph
ATP
One of the Principal compounds that living things use to store energy.
What did Van Helmont conclude?
Most of a growing plant’s mass comes from water.
Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin Cycle?
NADPH
The Light-Independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the…
Calvin Cycle
How many phosphate groups are in an ATP molecule?
3
Where does the energy of food originally come from?
The Sun
Algae is a…
Autotroph
Animals are…
Heterotrophs
Fungi are…
Heterotrophs
What is the difference between ADP and ATP?
ATP has 3 phosphates (high-energy molecules). ADP has has 2 phosphates (lower-energy molecules).
Where is energy stored?
Phosphate bonds of an ATP molecule.
When is energy released?
When a phosphate bond is broken.
What are two ways in which cells use the energy provided by ATP?
Muscle Contraction and Active Transport of molecules across the cell membrane.
What substance did Joseph Priestley’s experiment produce?
Oxygen
What did Jan Ingenhousz prove?
Photosynthesis and plants produce oxygen.
Photosynthesis equation in words:
Carbon Dioxide plus water in light are changed to glucose and oxygen.
In what region of the visible spectrum does chlorophyll absorb light well?
Blue region
What is a Granum?
One stack of thylakoid membranes.
What is a Stroma?
The region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts.
What happens when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll?
The excited electrons transfer energy to electron carriers.
What is a carrier molecule?
A molecule which traps extra energy from excited electrons and moves that energy to the electron transport chain.
Which letter carrier is used in photosynthesis?
NADP+
