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Biology > Chapter 12 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Transformation

A

When a strain of bacteria (the harmless strand) change into another (the disease-causing strand).

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2
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects and kills bacteria. Composed of a DNA or RNA, the virus attaches to the surface of the cell and injects DNA into it.

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3
Q

Nucleotides

A

Units that makeup DNA. Each nucleotide is made up of 3 basic parts: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base.

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4
Q

Base Pairing

A

Under normal circumstances, the nitrogen-containing bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) pair together, and cytosine (C) and guanine (G) pair together. The binding of these base pairs forms the structure of DNA.

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein, lightly packed together to form chromatins.

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6
Q

Histones

A

Chromatin consists of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins.

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7
Q

Replication

A

Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called replication. This process ensures that each resulting cell will have a complete set of DNA molecules.

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8
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication is called DNA Polymerase because it polymerized individual nucleotides to produce DNA.

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9
Q

Messenger RNA

A

The RNA molecules that carry copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.

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10
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Ribosomes are made up of several dozen proteins, as well as a form of RNA known as RIbosomal RNA>

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11
Q

Transfer RNA

A

The RNA molecule that transfer each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA.

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12
Q

Transcription

A

A process wherein RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.

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13
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Transcription requires an enzyme known as RNA Polymerase, similar to DNA Polymerase. During transcription, RNA Polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.

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14
Q

Promoter

A

The enzyme will bind only to regions of DNA known as promoters, which have specific base sequences.

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15
Q

Intron

A

Large pieces are removed from the RNA molecules transcribed from many eukaryotic genes before they become functional. These pieces, known as introns, are cut out of the RNA molecules while they are still in the cell nucleus.

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16
Q

Exons

A

The remaining portions, called exons, or expressed sequences, are then spliced back together to form the final mRNA.

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17
Q

Codon

A

A codon consists of 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide.

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18
Q

Translation

A

The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein) is known as translation. Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

19
Q

Anticodon

A

The three bases on the tRNA molecule, called the anticodon, are complementary to one of the mRNA codons.

20
Q

Mutation

A

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information. Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.

21
Q

Point Mutations

A

Mutations that affect one nucleotide because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. Some point mutations simply substitute one nucleotide for another.

22
Q

Frameshift Mutations

A

An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence. By changing the reading frame, frameshift mutations affect every amino acid that follows the point of the insertion or deletion.

23
Q

Operon

A

A fancy way of regulating genes. Usually made up of a few genes.

24
Q

Operator

A

On one side of the operons, three genes are two regulatory regions. In the promoter(P), RNA polymerase binds and then begins transcription. The other region is the operator.

25
Q

Hox Gene-Molecular

A

Molecular studies of embryos have shown that a series of genes, known as hoxygenes, controls the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of the embryo.

26
Q

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha CHase conclude?

A

The genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA.

27
Q

What are the four different bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.

28
Q

What is each strand of DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides.

29
Q

What are two strands of DNA held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

30
Q

How is DNA replicated?

A

The DNA separates into two strands and makes two new ones with base pairing. Every strand of the double helix of DNA is a template for the next.

31
Q

How are histones related to nucleosomes?

A

Nucleosomes are made up of DNA thatś wound around histones.

32
Q

What conclusions did Griffith and Avery make?

A

Genes are made of DNA.

33
Q

Watson and Cricks model of DNA looks like

A

A double helix containing two long strands wound together.

34
Q

RNA is combined with proteins to form what?

A

Ribosomes.

35
Q

What happens during translation?

A

The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

36
Q

Where is mRNA transcribed?

A

In the Nucleus

37
Q

What happens to the mRNA during Translation?

A

The mRNA gets to go out of the nucleus and attach to a ribosome where proteins are made.

38
Q

What is needed to build a protein?

A

Amino acids.

39
Q

How does the tRNA know which Amino Acids to bring to for Protein Synethesis?

A

The mRNA (messenger RNA) will direct which tRNAs come in, and hence which amino acids are transferred.

40
Q

What happens when the tRNA finds it’s complementary bases on the mRNA?

A

They transfer their amino acids

41
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA has one strand but DNA is doubled stranded. RNA has uracil and DNA has thymine. RNA has ribose and DNA has deoxyribose.

42
Q

Chromosomal Mutation

A

A mutation of the chromosomal segments of the DNA strands.

43
Q

What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?

A

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, and Translocation

Biology (8 decks)

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