Chapter 8: Quiz Flashcards
a person’s internally based characteristics ways of acting and thinking.
personality
According to ______, the mind has three levels of awareness- the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious.
Freud
presently aware of
conscious mind
is stored in memory that you are not presently aware of but can gain access to.
preconscious mind
the part of our mind that we cannot freely access
unconscious mind
is the original personality, the only part present at birth and the part out of which the other two parts of our personality emerge.
id
The id contains psychic energy, which attempts to satisfy the instinctual drives according to the _______-immediate gratification for these drives without concern for the consequences. Thus the id is like a spoiled child totally self centered and focused on satisfying these drives.
For example, if you’re hungry the id, using the pleasure principle, would lead you to take any food that is available without concern for whom it belongs to.
pleasure principle
The second part of the personality structure, the ____, starts developing during the first year or so life in order to find realistic outlets for the id’s needs. Has the task of protecting the personality while ensuring that the id’s drives are satisfied. Is the pragmatic part of the personality; it weighs the risks of an action before acting.
ego
The ego uses the ________- finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (the norms and laws of society)
reality principle
The ego must mediate not only between the instinctual drives of the id and reality but also between these drives and the third part of the personality structure, the ____, which represents the conscience and idealized standards of behavior in a particular culture. The _______ develops during childhood and, like the ego, develops from id energy and spans all levels of awareness. It tells the ego how one ought to act. Acts in accordance with a morality principle.
For Example, if the id hunger drive demanded satisfaction, and the ego had found a way to steal some food without being caught, the _______ would threaten to overwhelm the individual with guilt and shame for such an act.
superego
To prevent being overcome with anxiety, the ego uses what Freud called ________, processes that distort reality and protect us from anxiety. The ego has many different ________ available for such self deception, including repression, denial, displacement, and rationalization.
defense mechanisms
What did Freud think as the primary defense mechanism?
repression
A ______ occurs when a portion of the id’s pleasure-seeking energy remains in an earlier psychosexual stage because of excessive or insufficient gratification of our instinctual needs during that stage of development.
fixation
In the _____ (from birth to 18 months) a child derives pleasure from oral activities such as sucking, biting, and chewing.
oral stage
(from about 18 months to 3 years) the child derives pleasure from stimulation of the anal region through having and withholding bowel movements.
anal stage
the little boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and fears the father will find out and castrate him. This parallels the greek tragedy Oedipus Rex, in which Oedipus unknowingly kills his father, marries his mother, and then realizes what he’s done and gouges his eyes out as punishment.
Oedipus conflict
(from about age 6 to puberty) there is no erogenous zone, sexual drives become less active, and focus is on cognitive and social development. A child of this age is most interested in school, sports, hobbies, and in developing friendships with other children of the same sex.
latency stage
(from puberty through adulthood) the erogenous zone is at the genitals again, and Freud believed a person develops sexual relationships in a move toward intimate adult relationships.
genital stage
Is an arrangement of the inner needs that motivate behavior, from the strongest needs at the bottom of the pyramid to the weakest needs at the top of the pyramid.
hierarchy of needs
is the fullest realization of a person’s potential, becoming all that one can be. According to Maslow, the characteristics of _______ people include accepting themselves, others, and the natural world for what they are; having a need for privacy and only a few very close, emotional relationships; and being autonomous and independent, unquestionably democratic and very creative.
self actualization
The problem is that this self concept might not be the same as our true, ideal self, and thus would deter self actualization. This conflict is created by conditional positive regard, so Rogers developed the concept of _________- acceptance and approval without conditions. In addition to giving us unconditional positive regard (liking us no matter what we are like), it is important that others be empathetic (able to truly understand our feelings) and genuine with respect to their own feelings if we are to self actualize.
unconditional positive regard
Is the set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates her behavior. Social learning illustrates how this system works. Seeing someone do something and copying what they do.
self system
This self evaluation process impacts our senses of _____ - a judgement of ones’s effectiveness in dealing with particular situation. Success increases our senses of ______; failure decreases it. look at self and see how good we are at solving situations.
self- efficacy
refers to the perception that chance or external forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
no self credit
external locus of control
refers to the perception that you control your own fate.
better to have
passed a class and said it was all because of yourself; self credit
internal locus of control
an external locus of control may contribute to _______ a sense of hopelessness in which individuals think that they are unable to prevent unpleasant events.
learned helplessness
to understand how we do so, we need to understand ______, the process by which we explain our own behavior and that others. There are two types of _______, internal and external.
attribution
A ______ means that the outcome is attributed to the person.
internal attribution
A ______ means that the outcome is attributed to factors outside the person.
external attribution
We place the blame elsewhere in order to protect our self-esteem. This attribution bias is called the _______, the tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably. If the outcome of our behavior is positive, we take credit for it. If its external we place blame elsewhere.
self-serving bias
_____ are internally based, relatively stable characteristics that define an individual’s personality. _____ are continuous dimensions, and people vary from each other along the dimensions for each of the various traits that make up personality.
traits
emotional stability dimension tend to be overly anxious, emotionally unstable, and easily upset; people who are low on this dimension tend to be calm and emotionally stable. People high on this dimension experience more lingering negative emotional states in their daily lives and suffer from higher rates of anxiety and depression.
neuroticism
reflects a person’s degree of intellectual curiosity, creativity, and preference for novelty and variety. A person who scores high is willing to try new things, is imaginative and tends to have liberal values and to be open minded.
openness
is the tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic toward others.
agreeableness
is designed to measure multiple traits or, in some cases, disorders. It is a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him or not.
personality inventory
is a series of ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots, to which the test taker must respond about his perceptions of the stimuli. An objective response format is not used.
projective test
