Chapter 5: Quiz Flashcards
consist of a set of registers, where we temporarily store incoming sensory information from the physical environment until we can attend to it, interpret it, and move it to the next stage of memory processing (short term memory)
Sensory Memory (SM)
Also known as photographic memory. Duration is less than 1 second.
iconic memory
What we remember from what we hear. Duration is several seconds.
echoic memory
The memory stage with a small capacity (7+- 2 chunks) and brief duration (
Short-Term Memory (STM)
a meaningful unit in a person’s memory
chunk
repeating the information in short term memory over and over again in order to maintain it. For example, in the case of the phone number , we rehearse it over and over again to ourselves until we dial it.
maintenance rehearsal
The memory stage in which information is stored for a long period of time (perhaps permanently) and whose capacity is essentially unlimited.
long-term memory (LTM)
requires a conscious effort to remember
explicit memory
memory for factual knowledge
semantic memory
memory of personal life experience
episodic memory
long term memory that requires conscious awareness
implicit memory
have a physical procedural aspect (the exception of an ordered set of movements) to them. Classically conditioned responses elicited automatically by conditioned stimuli are also implicit memories. For example, brushing your teeth
procedural memories
The implicit influence of an earlier presented stimulus on the response to a later stimulus. This influence is independent of conscious memory for the earlier stimulus.
priming
type of amnesia where you can’t form new memories.
anterograde
type of amnesia where you can’t remember past memories
retrograde
type of amnesia where you can’t remember before 3 or 4 years old.
infantile/child amnesia
crucial to the formation of episodic explicit long term memories
hippocampus
The superior recall of the early portion of a list relative to the middle of the list in a one trial free recall task. (long term memory)
primacy effect
the superior recall of the latter portion of a list relative to the middle of the list in a one trial free recall task. (short term memory)
recency effect
the process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next (from sensory into short term memory and from short term into long term memory.)
encoding
refers to the process of maintaining information in a particular stage
storage
is the process of bringing information stored in long term memory to the conscious level in short term memory.
retrieval
is processing that occurs subconsciously and does not require attention
automatic processing
is processing that occurs consciously and requires attention
effortful processing
rehearsing by relating the new material to information already in long term memory
elaborative rehearsal
to learn new concepts, you should personalize them by thinking of examples of these concepts in your own experiences. This is called ______.
self reference effect
long term memory retrieval is best when a person’s physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same
state dependent memory
tendency to retrieve experiences and information that are congruent with a person’s current mood
mood congruence effect
a memory aid mostly used for remembering list of items, especially ordered lists, speeches, and long passages of text.
mnemonics
visually associating items in a list with a jingle that you first memorize.
peg-word system
superior long term memory for spaced study versus massed study (cramming)
spacing effect
a measure of retrieval that requires the reproduction of the information with essentially no retrieval cues.
recall
a measure of retrieval that only requires the identification of the information in the presence of retrieval cues.
recognition
a measure of the amount of time saved when learning information for the second time.
relearning
states that sometimes forgetting is not really forgetting but rather encoding failure. The information in question never entered long term memory.
encoding failure theory
assumes that the biological representation of the memory gradually decays over time and that periodic usage of the information will help to maintain it in storage.
storage decay theory
proposes that other information interferes and makes the forgotten information inaccessible
interference theory
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the retrieval of new information
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the retrieval of old information
retroactive interference
occurs when we do not remember the true source of a memory and attribute thee memory to the wrong source.
source attribution
an inaccurate memory that feels as real as an accurate memory
false memory
the distortion of a memory by exposure to misleading information.
misinformation effect
