Chapter 2: Quiz Flashcards
Cells that transmit information within the nervous system.
neurons
An insulating layer covering an axon that allows for faster neural impulses.
myelin sheath
A naturally occurring chemical in the nervous system that specializes in transmitting information between neurons.
neurotransmitter
The microscopic gap between neurons across which neurotransmitters travel to carry their messages to other neurons.
Synaptic Gap (synapse)
The brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
The part of the nervous system that links the CNS with the body’s sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
peripheral nervous system
Neurons that integrate information within the CNS through their communication with each other and between sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord.
inter neurons
Neurons in the PNS that carry information to the CNS from sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
sensory neurons
neurons in the PNS that carry movement commands from the CNS out to the rest of the body.
motor neurons
The conduit between the brain and the PNS for incoming sensory data and outgoing movement commands to the muscles.
spinal cord
A simple automatic action of the spinal cord not requiring involvement of the brain, such as the knee- jerk reflex.
spinal reflex
The part of the PNS that carries sensory input from receptors to the CNS and relays commands from the CNS to skeletal muscles to control their movement.
somatic nervous system
The part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of our internal environment (glands and organs like the heart, lungs, and stomach.)
autonomic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that is in control when we are highly aroused, as in an emergency, and need to prepare for defensive action.
sympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to its normal resting state after having been highly aroused, as in an emergency.
parasympathetic nervous system
The body’s other major communication system. Communication is achieved through hormones that are secreted by the endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to their target sites.
endocrine glandular system
A chemical messenger that is produced by an endocrine gland and carried by the bloodstream to target tissues throughout the body.
hormone
A complex psychological state that involves a state of physiological expression of the emotion, and a cognitive appraisal of the situation to determine the specific emotion and its intensity.
emotion
A theory of emotion proposing that an emotion is determined from a cognitive appraisal of the physiological arousal and behavioral responses, which occur first.
James-Lange Theory
A theory of emotion proposing that an emotion is determined from simultaneously occurring physiological arousal, behavioral responses, and cognitive appraisal.
Cannon-Bard Theory
A theory of emotion proposing that an emotion is determined by cognitive appraisal of the physiological arousal and the entire environmental situation.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
The layers of interconnected cells covering the brain’s two hemispheres. This is the control and information processing center for the nervous system; it is where perception, memory, language, decision making, and all other higher-level cognitive processing occur.
cerebral cortex
the bridge of neurons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
corpus callosum
The area in each cerebral hemisphere in front of the central fissure and above the lateral fissure. The motor cortex is in this lobe.
frontal lobe
The area in each cerebral hemisphere in back of the central fissure and above the lateral fissure. The somatosensory cortex is in this lobe.
parietal lobe
The area in each cerebral cortex hemisphere located beneath the lateral fissure. The primary auditory cortex is in this lobe.
temporal lobe
The area located in the lower back of each cerebral hemisphere. the primary visual cortex in this lobe.
occipital lobe
The strip of cortex in each cerebral hemisphere in the frontal lobe directly in front of the central fissure, which allows us to move different parts of our body.
motor cortex
The strip of cortex in each cerebral hemisphere in the parietal lobe directly in back of the central fissure, which allows us to sense pressure, temperature, and pain in different parts of our body as well as the position of our body parts.
somatosensory cortex
All of the cerebral cortex except those areas devoted to primary sensory processing or motor processing. This is where all the higher-level cognitive processing that requires the association (integration) of information, such as perception and language, occurs.
association cortex
An individual’s subjective awareness of their inner thinking and feeling and their external environment.
consciousness
the stage of sleep that is characterized by rapid eye movement and brain wave patterns that resemble those for an awake state and in which most dreaming occurs. This sleep in sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep because the bodily muscles are immobilized but much of the brain is highly active.
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
Fibers projecting out of the cell body of a neutron whose function is to receive information from other neurons.
dendrites
The part of the neuron that contains its nucleus and the other biological machinery to keep the cell alive and that decides whether or not to generate a neural impulse in order to pas incoming information on to their neurons.
cell body
The long, singular fiber projecting out of the cell body of a neuron whose function is to conduct the neural impulse from the cell body to the axon terminals triggering chemical communication with other neurons.
axon
Everything ______ is simultaneously _______.
psychological, biological
sudoscience (not) really a science.
- discovered by a guy named Gall.
phrenology
What makes up the structure of a neuron?
- cell body
- axon
- dendrites
- myelin sheath
sensory
incoming to sensory nervous system
motor
outgoing to muscles & glands *WE HAVE MILLIONS!
What are the 3 types of emotions?
- inward
- outward
- cognitive
_______ makes up 85% of our brain’s weight.
Celebral Cortex
Things seen on the right side are processed on the ______ side of the brain.
left
Things seen on the left side are processed on the ______ side of the brain.
right
focused on or thinking about
conscious tract
familiar with don’t focus on how
unconscious tract
