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Psychology > Chapter 1: Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

the science of behavior and mental processes.

A

psychology

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2
Q

a research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological mechanisms produce behavior and mental processes.

A

biological perspective

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3
Q

A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how mental processes, such as perception, memory, and problem solving, work and impact behavior.

A

cognitive perspective

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4
Q

A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how external environmental events condition observable behavior.

A

behavioral perspective

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5
Q

A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how other people and the cultural context impact behavior and mental processes.

A

sociocultural perspective

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6
Q

The tendency, after learning about an outcome, to be overconfident in one’s ability to have predicted it.

A

hindsight bias

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7
Q

Research methods whose main purpose is to provide objective and detailed descriptions of behavior and mental processes.

A

descriptive methods

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8
Q

A descriptive research method in which the behavior of interest is observed in its natural setting, and the researcher does not intervene in the behavior being observed.

A

naturalistic observation

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9
Q

A descriptive research method in which the observer becomes part of the group being observed.

A

participant observation

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10
Q

A descriptive research method in which the researcher studies an individual in depth over an extended period of time.

A

case study

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11
Q

A descriptive research method in which the researcher uses questionnaires and interviews to collect information about the behavior, beliefs, and attitudes of particular groups of people.

A

survey research

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12
Q

The entire group of people that a researcher is studying.

A

population

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13
Q

The subset of a population that actually participates in a research study.

A

sample

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14
Q

A sampling technique that obtains a representative sample of a population by ensuring that each individual in a population has an equal opportunity to be in the sample.

A

random sampling

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15
Q

A research study in which to variables are measured to determine if they are related (how well either one predicts the other.)

A

correlational study

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16
Q

Any factor that can take on more than one value.

A

variable

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17
Q

A statistic that tells us the type and the strength of the relationship between the two variables.

A

correlation coefficient

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18
Q

A direct relationship between two variables.

A

positive correlation

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19
Q

An inverse relationship between two variables.

A

negative correlation

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20
Q

A visual depiction of correlational data in which each data point represents the scores on the two variables for each participant.

A

scatterplot

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21
Q

An explanation of a correlation between two variables in terms of another variable that could possibly be responsible for the observed relationship between the two variables.

A

third-variable problem

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22
Q

A control measure in which participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to equalize participant characteristics across the various groups in an experiment.

A

random assignment

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23
Q

In an experiment, the variable that is a hypothesized cause and thus is manipulated by the experimenter.

A

Independent variable

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24
Q

In an experiment, a variable that is hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable and thus is measured by the experimenter.

A

Dependent variable

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25
Q

A research method in which the researcher manipulates one or more independent variables and measures their effect on one or more dependent variables while controlling other potentially relevant variables.

A

experiment

26
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the independent variable.

A

experimental group

27
Q

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the independent variable.

A

control group

28
Q

A description of the operations or procedures that a researcher uses to manipulate or measure a variable.

A

operational definition

29
Q

Improvement due to the expectation of improving because of receiving treatment.

A

placebo effect

30
Q

An inactive pill or a treatment that has no known effects.

A

placebo

31
Q

A negative placebo effect due to the expectation of adverse consequences from receiving treatment.

A

nocebo group

32
Q

A control group of participants who believe they are receiving treatment, but who are only receiving a placebo.

A

placebo group

33
Q

A control measure in an experiment in which neither the experimenters nor the participants know which participants are in the experimental and control groups.

A

double-blind procedure

34
Q

Statistics that describe the results of a research study in a concise fashion.

A

descriptive statistics

35
Q

A depiction, in a table or figure, of the number of participants receiving each score for a variable.

A

frequency distribution

36
Q

The numerical average of a distribution of scores.

A

mean

37
Q

The score positioned in the middles of a distribution of scores when all of the scores are arranged from lowest to highest.

A

median

38
Q

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores.

A

mode

39
Q

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution of scores

A

range

40
Q

The average extent that the scores vary from the mean for a distribution of scores.

A

Standard deviation

41
Q

A frequency distribution that is shaped like a bell. About 68 percent of the scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95 percent within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

A

normal distribution

42
Q

What 2 things does psychology cover?

A
  1. behavior

2. mental processes

43
Q
  • Psychologist in 400 B.C.

- Believed in nature instead of nurture

A

Plato

44
Q
  • Psychologist in 300 B.C.
  • Believed in nurture instead of nature
  • Plato was his teacher
A

Aristotle

45
Q
  • Psychologist in 1879

- Performed the first psychology lab

A

Wundt

46
Q
  • Psychologist in 1890s

- Brought psychology to the United States

A

James

47
Q
  • Psychologist in the 1920s
  • operant conditioning
  • focused psychology mostly on behavior (until this it focused more on mental processes)
A

Skinner

48
Q

What time period (years) did psychology focus mostly on mental processes?

A

400 B.C.- 1920s

49
Q

What time period (years) did psychology focus mostly on behavior?

A

1920s- 1960s

50
Q

Since the _____, psychology has mostly been focused more on both mental processes and behavior.

A

1960s

51
Q

Perspectives Emphasizing INTERNAL Factors

  1. The Biological Perspective
    • physiology
    • evolutionary
    • genetics
  2. The Cognitive Perspective
    • perception
    • thinking

All this belongs to NATURE or NURTURE?

A

NATURE

52
Q

Perspectives Emphasizing EXTERNAL Factors

  1. The Behavioral Perspectives
    • Conditioning: classical, operant
  2. The Sociocultural Perspective
    • Culture
    • Other People

All this belongs to NATURE or NURTURE?

A

NURTURE

53
Q

_______ = biology, genetics

A

Nature

54
Q

_______= environmental, experiment

A

Nurture

55
Q

Why do we need psychology?

A
  • Somethings seem like common sense but common sense will lead you astray.
  • hindsight bias
  • overconfidence
  • critical thinking
56
Q

________: we shouldn’t just accept or assume what we hear is true.

A

critical thinking

57
Q

What are the research methods used by psychologist?

A
  • Descriptive Methods
  • Correlational Studies
  • Experimental Research
58
Q

________: allows us to predict without cause and effect

A

Correlational Studies

59
Q

________: looks us to predict with cause and effect

A

Experimental Research

60
Q

What are the two observational techniques?

A
  1. naturalistic

2. participant

Psychology (11 decks)

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