Chapter 4: Quiz Flashcards
Acquiring a new response to previously neutral stimulus that reliably signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.
classical conditioning
The stimulyus in a reflex that automatically elicits an unconditioned response
uncoditioned stimulus
the response in a reflex that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
the stimulus that comes to elicit a new response in classical conditioning
conditioned stimulus
the response that is elicit by the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning
conditioned response
aquiring a new response to the conditioned stimulus
acquisition
the diminishing of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.
extinction
a partial recovery in stength of the conditioned response following a break during extinction training
spontaneous recovery
the elicitation of the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. The more similar the stimulus is to the conditioned stimulus, the stronger the response.
stimulus generalization
The eliction of the conditioned response only by the conditioned stimulus or only by a small set of highly similar stimuli that includes the conditioned stimulus.
stimulus discrimination
A principle developed by Edward Thorndike that says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends to not be repeated
law of effect
Learnign to associate behaviors with their consequences.
operant conditioning
The process by which the probability of a response is increased by the presentation of a reinforcer.
reinforcement
Reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is presented
positive reinforcement
reinforcement in which an aversive stimulus is removed.
negative reinforcement
The process by which the probability of a response is decreased by the presentation of a punisher.
punishment
punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented.
positive punishment
punishment in which an appetitve stimulus is removed.
negative punishment
reinforcing the desired operant response each time it is made.
continuous schedule or reinforcement
reinforcing the desired operant response only part of the time.
partial schedule of reinforcement
a partial schedule or reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered each time a fixed number of responses is made.
fixed-ratio schedule
a partial schedule of reinforment in which the number of responses it takes to obtain a reinforcer varies on each trial but averages to a set number across trials.
variable-ratio schedule
a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after the first response is given once a set interval of time has elasped
fixed-interval schedule
A partial schedule of reinforcement in which time that must elapse on each trial before a response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer varies from trial to trial but averages to a set time across trials.
variable-interval schedule
the set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior and direct it towards goals.
motivation
a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the body to a balanced internal state.
drive reduction theory
a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated by incentatives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reinforcement.
incentive theory
a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal is
arousal theory
a law describing the relationship between the amount or arousal and the performance quality on a task- increasing arousal up to some optimal level increasing performance quality on a task, but increasing arousal past this point is detrimental to performance
Yerkes-Dodson law
the desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement.
extrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
intrinsic motivation
learning by observing others and imitating their behavior
observational learning
What was Pavlov and his dogs an example of?
classical conditioning
What are the elements and procedures of classical conditioning?
- unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response
- conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response
What was Watson and Little Albert a example of?
classical conditioning
What was Thornlike and his cats a example of?
operant conditioning
What was Skinner and his rats examples of?
operant conditioning
What is an example of positive reinforcement?
if you eat all your food you won’t have to take a bath
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
putting on your seat belt in your car to make the beeping stop
What was Bandura and his dolls an example of?
observational learning
