Chapter 8: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Erikson’s initiative versus guilt

Answer 1

Child praised for taking initiative will have a greater sense of confidence and take initiative more often.

Question 2

Self-concept

Answer 2

Descriptions of the self using observable descriptors (long hair, brown eyes, “I like swimming”), addition of emotions and attitudes which builds off of mental representation and schemas

Question 3

Self-esteem

Answer 3

Emotional evaluation of the self, young people often have an overly optimistic perspective

Question 4

Kids can recognize and name emotions around age ___

Answer 4

4-6 years. At 2 years, the child can only take into account how they feel.

Question 5

Empathy

Answer 5

The most complex emotion after developing the recognition and naming of emotions

Question 6

What is emotional regulation influenced by?

Answer 6

Cognition, executive function, theory of mind, language development

Question 7

Prosocial behavior

Answer 7

Actions we do in order to benefit someone else

Question 8

What is needed to preform prosocial behavior?

Answer 8

Theory of mind

Question 9

Instrumental assistance

Answer 9

How likely a child is to provide physical assistance if they see someone needs it

Question 10

Four parenting styles

Answer 10

Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

Question 11

Authoritative parenting

Answer 11

• High control, high warmth
• Nurturing, affectionate, sets boundaries
• Open communication

Question 12

Authoritative parenting outcomes

Answer 12

Children grow up to be socially competent, mentally healthy, well adjusted

Question 13

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 13

• High control, low warmth
• Strict, inflexible, high expectations
• Punishes rather than disciplines
• No communication

Question 14

Authoritarian parenting outcomes

Answer 14

Children grow up to be anxious, withdrawn

Question 15

Permissive parenting

Answer 15

• Low control, high warmth
• Nurturing, affectionate, but few boundaries
• Friend rather than parent

Question 16

Permissive parenting outcomes

Answer 16

Children grow up to have problems self-regulating

Question 17

Uninvolved parenting

Answer 17

• Low control, low warmth
• Emotionally detached, self-absorbed
• Inconsistent, little or no boundaries
• Little interaction

Question 18

Uninvolved parenting outcomes

Answer 18

Children will develop mental health problems, confusion on why their parent isn’t involved

Question 19

Physical punishment effectiveness and outcomes

Answer 19

Only temporarily effective. Spanking is associated with internalized problems and most physical punishment is correlated to negative outcomes. Children often don’t understand what they did wrong, can’t self-correct.

Question 20

Noncorporal punishment

Answer 20

More effective than physical punishment, but isn’t as effective as inductive. (ex. “go to your room”)

Question 21

Inductive discipline

Answer 21

Uses reasoning, gives the child an opportunity to explain why they did the behavior and to self-correct. Child internalizes why they shouldn’t do the behavior. Much more effective than physical punishment.

Question 22

Four forms of abuse

Answer 22

Physical, emotional, sexual, neglect

Question 23

There are ___ cases of abuse or neglect per year

Answer 23

700k, 1,500k fatalities per year

Question 24

Effects of child maltreatment

Answer 24

Latent vulnerability (miss positive social cues, risk of conflict, mistrust, social thinning, hypervigilance), can shape brain synapses, interactions with others, how memory works, develop negative schemas

Question 25

Sex differences in aggression

Answer 25

Males are more likely to engage in aggression, females are better able to control emotions

Question 26

Sex vs. gender

Answer 26

Sex - biological, sex chromosomes
Gender - characteristic-based, how you present based on social norms

Question 27

Gender stereotypes

Answer 27

Beliefs about appropriate and expected behavior for males and females. Gender typing.

Question 28

Biological influences on gender role typing

Answer 28

Role of evolution, biological structures, contribution of hormones