Chapter 8: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood Flashcards
Erikson’s initiative versus guilt
Child praised for taking initiative will have a greater sense of confidence and take initiative more often.
Self-concept
Descriptions of the self using observable descriptors (long hair, brown eyes, “I like swimming”), addition of emotions and attitudes which builds off of mental representation and schemas
Self-esteem
Emotional evaluation of the self, young people often have an overly optimistic perspective
Kids can recognize and name emotions around age ___
4-6 years. At 2 years, the child can only take into account how they feel.
Empathy
The most complex emotion after developing the recognition and naming of emotions
What is emotional regulation influenced by?
Cognition, executive function, theory of mind, language development
Prosocial behavior
Actions we do in order to benefit someone else
What is needed to preform prosocial behavior?
Theory of mind
Instrumental assistance
How likely a child is to provide physical assistance if they see someone needs it
Four parenting styles
Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved
Authoritative parenting
- High control, high warmth
- Nurturing, affectionate, sets boundaries
- Open communication
Authoritative parenting outcomes
Children grow up to be socially competent, mentally healthy, well adjusted
Authoritarian parenting
- High control, low warmth
- Strict, inflexible, high expectations
- Punishes rather than disciplines
- No communication
Authoritarian parenting outcomes
Children grow up to be anxious, withdrawn
Permissive parenting
- Low control, high warmth
- Nurturing, affectionate, but few boundaries
- Friend rather than parent
Permissive parenting outcomes
Children grow up to have problems self-regulating
Uninvolved parenting
- Low control, low warmth
- Emotionally detached, self-absorbed
- Inconsistent, little or no boundaries
- Little interaction
Uninvolved parenting outcomes
Children will develop mental health problems, confusion on why their parent isn’t involved
Physical punishment effectiveness and outcomes
Only temporarily effective. Spanking is associated with internalized problems and most physical punishment is correlated to negative outcomes. Children often don’t understand what they did wrong, can’t self-correct.
Noncorporal punishment
More effective than physical punishment, but isn’t as effective as inductive. (ex. “go to your room”)
Inductive discipline
Uses reasoning, gives the child an opportunity to explain why they did the behavior and to self-correct. Child internalizes why they shouldn’t do the behavior. Much more effective than physical punishment.
Four forms of abuse
Physical, emotional, sexual, neglect
There are ___ cases of abuse or neglect per year
700k, 1,500k fatalities per year
Effects of child maltreatment
Latent vulnerability (miss positive social cues, risk of conflict, mistrust, social thinning, hypervigilance), can shape brain synapses, interactions with others, how memory works, develop negative schemas
Sex differences in aggression
Males are more likely to engage in aggression, females are better able to control emotions
Sex vs. gender
Sex - biological, sex chromosomes
Gender - characteristic-based, how you present based on social norms
Gender stereotypes
Beliefs about appropriate and expected behavior for males and females. Gender typing.
Biological influences on gender role typing
Role of evolution, biological structures, contribution of hormones
