Chapter 1: Understanding Human Development - Approaches and Theories Flashcards
What are the nine stages in human development?
Prenatal, infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood, death
What age is early childhood?
2-6 years
What age is middle childhood?
6-11 years
What age is adolescence?
11-18 years
What age is early adulthood?
18-40 years
What age is middle adulthood?
40-65 years
What is lifespan development?
How people grow, change, and stay the same throughout life
What are the five descriptors of lifespan human development?
Development is multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, influenced by multiple contexts, and includes culture as a developmental context.
What is meant by development is multidimensional?
Physical development, cognitive development (language, math, writing, problem-solving), socioemotional development (empathy, interactions, feelings)
What is meant by development is multidirectional?
Life includes gains and losses, growth and decline, and shifting balance throughout lifespan
What is meant by development is plastic?
Malleable, changeable, brain and body compensation, resilience
What is included in the multiple contexts of development
The where and when of development, age-graded influences (puberty), history-graded influences (war, covid), non-normative influences (death of a primary caregiver)
What is included in culture as a developmental context?
Developmental norms vary by cultural context, walking, talking, etc.
What is meant by developmental science is multidisciplinary?
Disciplines relevant to human development including neuroscience, psychology, medicine, anthropology, etc.
What are the three basic issues in lifespan development?
Continuous vs discontinuous development, whether individuals are active in development, and nature vs. nurture
Active vs passive development
In passive development, things happen to you. In active development, individuals contribute to development (ex. babies smiling).
Theory
An explanation for something that is well-tested and researched, but not fact and can change with new research
Freud’s psychosexual theory
Individuals have unconscious impulses, and these impulses drive our actions. There are landmark events/obsessions called psychosexual stages.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
There are 8 psychosocial stages that is a crisis or conflict the individual must resolve. The first one is trust vs. mistrust in infants.
What are the 8 psychosocial stages
- Trust vs mistrust
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- Initiative vs guilt
- Industry vs inferiority
- Identity vs role confusion
- Intimacy vs isolation
- Generativity vs stagnation
- Integrity vs despair
Four Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
- Behaviorism
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Social Learning Theory
Behaviorism
All behavior is influenced by context/environment, includes only behavior that can be observed. “Learning theory” is a new behavior learned as a function of environment.
Classical conditioning
Physiological and emotional responses, associating neutral stimulus with behavior
Operant conditioning
Skills and habits, positive and negative reinforcement
Social Learning Theory
- People are active in their own development
- Environment influences people through thoughts and feelings
- Punishment and reinforcement not needed
- Observational learning
- Reciprocal determinism
Reciprocal determinism
A person has beliefs which influence behavior, which influences the environment, which influences the person
Two cognitive theories
Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory and information processing theory
Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
Thinking influences all behavior, we are active explorers of the world, cognitive schemas, four stages of development
Information processing theory
We are all born with the ability to process info, development is continuous, storage and recall of info
Three contextual theories
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological system, dynamic systems theory
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Transmission of culture through social interaction, language acquisition
Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological system
Microsystem (the individual), the mesosystem (family, school, peers), the exosystem (neighbors, extended family, things you don’t directly interact with), macrosystem (culture, country)
Dynamic systems theory
Developmental domains are an integrated system that is constantly changing, three constrains contribute to spontaneous behavior
- Individual constraints
- Environmental constraints
- Task constraints
Ethology and evolutionary developmental theory
Ethology is the evolutionary basis of behavior, principles of evolution, interaction of biology and context
(ex. baby imprints on parents to increase survival odds)
Methods of data collection
Observational measures (naturalistic), structured, LENA (monitoring child’s behavior), self-report, physiological measures
Research Designs
Case study, correlational research, experimental research, developmental research designs
Case study
In-depth exam of a single person, lots of info but not generalizable
Correlational research
Describes relations between variables, but doesn’t tell you why they’re related (correlation does not mean causation)
Experimental research
Control and experiment groups, dependent and independent variables
Four types of developmental research designs
Cross-sectional, retrospective, longitudinal, cross-sequential
Cross-sectional research design
Compares groups of different ages at a single point
Retrospective research design
Memories of experiences
Longitudinal research design
Follows the same group over time
Sequential research designs
Multiple cohorts across time
- Cross-sectional: different groups at one time
- Cross-sequential: different groups at evaluated at multiple points in time
Five research ethical points
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence
- Responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for autonomy
Beneficencedo and nonmaleficence
Do good and avoid harm
Responsibility
Keep both participants and society in mind
Integrity
Scientists must be accurate, honest, and truthful
Justice
Benefits and risk must be spread equally across groups
Respect for autonomy
Respect participant’s ability to make and implement decisions
Ethical issues in lifespan development
Informed consent (child assent and passive consent), confidentiality
Intersectionality
Parts of identity that influence how we see and interact with the world, and how the world interacts with us
Freud’s stages in order
Oral (0-18 months), anal (18 months-3 years), phallic (3-6 years), latency (6-puberty), genital (adolescence)
