Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Psychosocial development in middle childhood

Answer 1

Self-concept and self-esteem

Question 2

Moral development

Answer 2

Learning what’s right and wrong, good and bad

Question 3

Moral reasoning: Piaget’s perspective

Answer 3

Heteronomous morality by age 6 and autonomous morality by age 7

Question 4

Heteronomous morality

Answer 4

Trying to engage in a behavior because it’s what the behavior is supposed to be. A set of rules you’re supposed to follow.

Question 5

Autonomous morality

Answer 5

Rules are less unbreakable, moral rules are things we should do. We agree these things are for the benefit of the group.

Question 6

Kohlberg’s perspective

Answer 6

Children’s conceptions of justice. Includes preconventional and conventional reasoning.

Question 7

Preconventional reasoning

Answer 7

Part of Kohlberg’s perspective
Stage 1: children behave in moral ways to avoid punishment
Stage 2: evaluating benefit from doing the right thing

Question 8

Conventional reasoning

Answer 8

Part of Kohlberg’s perspective
Children internalize and behave to the benefit of those around them, focused on others

Question 9

Distributive justice reasoning

Answer 9

Merit, benevolence, balancing competing claims, differentiating among relationships, cultural influence

Question 10

Merit

Answer 10

Part of distributive justice reasoning. Who deserves something the most.

Question 11

Benevolence

Answer 11

Part of distributive justice reasoning. Who would benefit the most.

Question 12

Balancing competing claims

Answer 12

Part of distributive justice reasoning. Compare groups by merit and benevolence.

Question 13

Differences in emotional regulation in gender

Answer 13

Girls encouraged to regulate emotions earlier

Question 14

Development of gender stereotypes

Answer 14

1. Knowledge of stereotypes by age 5 (ex. girls wear pink and have long hair). Children are able to understand gender vs sex early on.
2. Beliefs about personality and achievement (ex. girls are nice, boys are good at sports)
3. Effects of gender stereotypes (stronger stereotypes have negative mental health outcomes)
4. Beliefs of transgender children (ex. children think the gender stereotypes they need are more similar to the opposite sex)

Question 15

Perceived same-gender typicality

Answer 15

How consistent you perceive yourself with the standard for your same gender. Contrast with perceived other-typicality.

Question 16

Friendships in middle childhood

Answer 16

Spending more time away from parents, deepening friendships, selective in how they describe friends

Question 17

Peer acceptance

Answer 17

Degree to which a child is considered a worthy companion

Question 18

Peer rejection

Answer 18

• Aggressive-rejected: explosive emotions, hard time taking in other perspectives, perceive interactions as hostile
• Withdrawn-rejected

Question 19

Bullying

Answer 19

AKA peer victimization

Question 20

Female bullying

Answer 20

Relational aggression

Question 21

Interventions in bullying

Answer 21

• Victims taught assertiveness
• School-wide change
• Bullies taught emotional management and empathy
• Parents taught authoritative parenting skills

Question 22

Children spend more time with their siblings, and may develop ____ ____

Answer 22

Sibling rivalry

Question 23

Same-sex parented families

Answer 23

No differences in adjustment (may even score higher in some areas), similar patterns of gender identity and gender role development, adoption is expensive

Question 24

Single-parent families

Answer 24

Small differences (poorer academic achievement, less social competence, mental health problems), more likely to live in poverty

Question 25

Cohabitating families

Answer 25

Tend to have less stable relationships

Question 26

Divorced and divorcing families

Answer 26

May result in physiological arousal, elevated stress response, poorer adjustment. Outcomes depend on conflict.

Question 27

Blended families

Answer 27

15% of children. Entering a stepfamily is associated with improved adjustment.

Question 28

Risk factors and what can affect resilience?

Answer 28

Parental incarceration, exposure to community violence, culture, etc.