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EDP 350E > Chapter 3: The Prenatal Period, Birth, and the Newborn > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Prenatal Period, Birth, and the Newborn Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of prenatal development

A
  1. Conception including zygote
  2. Germinal period (0-2 weeks)
  3. Embryonic period (3-8 weeks)
  4. Fetal period (9 weeks - birth)
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2
Q

The germinal period

A
  • 0-2 weeks
  • Cleavage and cell division
  • Formation of a blastocyst after fertilization
  • Implantation
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3
Q

Fertilization occurs in the….

A

Fallopian tube

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4
Q

___% of pregnancies end before implantation

A

45

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5
Q

Embryonic period time

A

3-8 weeks

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6
Q

Embryonic period development

A
  • Structural development of embryonic disk, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
  • Beginnings of organ systems (organogenesis 4-8 weeks)
  • Support systems
    - amniotic sac
    - umbilical cord
    - placenta
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7
Q

What is the role of the amniotic sac?

A

Provides nutrition, protects from pathogens and physical damage

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8
Q

Fetal period development

A
  • 9 weeks - birth
  • Further development of organs
  • External features form
  • Brain development and responsiveness
  • Growth in weight and height
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9
Q

What is the age of viability?

A

22 weeks (80% after 25 weeks)

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10
Q

When is coordinated fetal movement first felt?

A

17-20 weeks

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11
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Chemical substances that can harm the infant, including alcohol, nicotine, drugs, etc.

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12
Q

What four aspects affect teratology?

A

Critical period (earlier exposure = more damage), dose, individual differences (contributes to sensitivity), complicated effects

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13
Q

Examples of environmental hazards (teratogens)

A

Heavy metals, radiation, toxic waste, chemical pollutants, birth defects in developing countries

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14
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A
  • Facial deformities
  • Small head and body size
  • Congenital heart defects
  • Defective joints
  • Cognitive and behavioral problems
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15
Q

Effects of nicotine and smoking on fetal development

A
  • Preterm birth
  • Low birth weight
  • SIDS
  • Respiratory issues
  • ADHD
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16
Q

Effects of drugs (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana) on fetal development

A
  • Addiction and withdrawal
  • Difficulty isolating effects
17
Q

Four maternal characteristics that affect fetal development

A

Weight and diet, supplements, emotional well-being, maternal age

18
Q

What is the recommended gestational weight gain?

A

11-20 lbs

19
Q

What is an effective preventative measure for spina bifida?

A

Folic acid supplement

20
Q

What can maternal depression lead to in fetal development?

A

Preterm birth, low birth weight, cognitive and emotional difficulties, ADHD

21
Q

What maternal age is considered a risk factor?

A

Above 35

22
Q

What paternal characteristics can influence development?

A
  • Influence on home context
  • Advanced age and birth defects
  • Epigenetic markers (smoking changes genome, can pass along traits)
23
Q

Latinx paradox

A

Despite socioeconomic disadvantages, Latina mothers often have equal or lower risk of low birth weight

24
Q

Three labor stages

A

Dilation, delivery, assessment of newborn and delivery of placenta

25
Q

Hospital births make up ___% of contemporary US births

A

98.6

26
Q

Cesarean delivery

A

Used for medical complications including umbilical cord entanglement, breech position, fetal distress, prolonged labor, multiple births, etc

27
Q

Now, ___ in ___ births are cesarean delivery, but the number of medical emergencies has not increased

A

1, 3

28
Q

Natural Childbirth

A
  • Breathing and relaxation exercises
  • Emphasis on preparation
  • Lamaze method
  • Doula (emotional support)
29
Q

Doula vs Midwife

A

Doula = emotional and physical support during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum
Midwife = offer clinical support and care

30
Q

What qualifies as preterm?

A

<37 weeks

31
Q

What qualifies as preterm?

A

< 37 weeks

32
Q

What qualifies as low birth weight?

A

< 5.5 lbs (very low birth weight < 3.5 lbs, extremely low birth weight < 1 lbs)

33
Q

What treatment is used for premature babies?

A

Kangaroo care (aka: skin to skin contact with parents)

34
Q

What scales are used for the medical and behavioral assessment of newborns?

A

The Apgar scale at birth and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

35
Q

Which senses are well developed at birth?

A

Auditory, taste, smell

EDP 350E (11 decks)

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