Chapter 3: The Prenatal Period, Birth, and the Newborn Flashcards
Stages of prenatal development
- Conception including zygote
- Germinal period (0-2 weeks)
- Embryonic period (3-8 weeks)
- Fetal period (9 weeks - birth)
The germinal period
- 0-2 weeks
- Cleavage and cell division
- Formation of a blastocyst after fertilization
- Implantation
Fertilization occurs in the….
Fallopian tube
___% of pregnancies end before implantation
45
Embryonic period time
3-8 weeks
Embryonic period development
- Structural development of embryonic disk, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
- Beginnings of organ systems (organogenesis 4-8 weeks)
- Support systems
- amniotic sac
- umbilical cord
- placenta
What is the role of the amniotic sac?
Provides nutrition, protects from pathogens and physical damage
Fetal period development
- 9 weeks - birth
- Further development of organs
- External features form
- Brain development and responsiveness
- Growth in weight and height
What is the age of viability?
22 weeks (80% after 25 weeks)
When is coordinated fetal movement first felt?
17-20 weeks
What are teratogens?
Chemical substances that can harm the infant, including alcohol, nicotine, drugs, etc.
What four aspects affect teratology?
Critical period (earlier exposure = more damage), dose, individual differences (contributes to sensitivity), complicated effects
Examples of environmental hazards (teratogens)
Heavy metals, radiation, toxic waste, chemical pollutants, birth defects in developing countries
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- Facial deformities
- Small head and body size
- Congenital heart defects
- Defective joints
- Cognitive and behavioral problems
Effects of nicotine and smoking on fetal development
- Preterm birth
- Low birth weight
- SIDS
- Respiratory issues
- ADHD
Effects of drugs (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana) on fetal development
- Addiction and withdrawal
- Difficulty isolating effects
Four maternal characteristics that affect fetal development
Weight and diet, supplements, emotional well-being, maternal age
What is the recommended gestational weight gain?
11-20 lbs
What is an effective preventative measure for spina bifida?
Folic acid supplement
What can maternal depression lead to in fetal development?
Preterm birth, low birth weight, cognitive and emotional difficulties, ADHD
What maternal age is considered a risk factor?
Above 35
What paternal characteristics can influence development?
- Influence on home context
- Advanced age and birth defects
- Epigenetic markers (smoking changes genome, can pass along traits)
Latinx paradox
Despite socioeconomic disadvantages, Latina mothers often have equal or lower risk of low birth weight
Three labor stages
Dilation, delivery, assessment of newborn and delivery of placenta
Hospital births make up ___% of contemporary US births
98.6
Cesarean delivery
Used for medical complications including umbilical cord entanglement, breech position, fetal distress, prolonged labor, multiple births, etc
Now, ___ in ___ births are cesarean delivery, but the number of medical emergencies has not increased
1, 3
Natural Childbirth
- Breathing and relaxation exercises
- Emphasis on preparation
- Lamaze method
- Doula (emotional support)
Doula vs Midwife
Doula = emotional and physical support during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum
Midwife = offer clinical support and care
What qualifies as preterm?
<37 weeks
What qualifies as preterm?
< 37 weeks
What qualifies as low birth weight?
< 5.5 lbs (very low birth weight < 3.5 lbs, extremely low birth weight < 1 lbs)
What treatment is used for premature babies?
Kangaroo care (aka: skin to skin contact with parents)
What scales are used for the medical and behavioral assessment of newborns?
The Apgar scale at birth and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Which senses are well developed at birth?
Auditory, taste, smell
