Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

The first two of Freud’s psychosocial stages

Answer 1

Trust vs. mistrust and autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 2

Trust vs. mistrust

Answer 2

First developmental task in life, trust that caretakers will fulfill their basic needs

Question 3

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 3

Developmental task to become independent, occurs at 1-2 years where the child is more mobile. “I am an independent individual, able to determine how I interact with the environment”. Shame and doubt if unable to establish as an independent individual (adjustment difficulties).

Question 4

Infant’s basic emotions

Answer 4

• Social smile, smile reflex in newborns
• Some emotions are present at birth (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise)

Question 5

Self-conscious emotions

Answer 5

• Shame, pride, embarrassment
• Requires an understanding of ourselves
• Our actions have an effect that is desirable or not desirable, which reflexts back on us.

Question 6

Emotional regulation in infants

Answer 6

• Suckling, smiling, gaze aversion
• Self-soothing and distraction
• Changing the distressing situation
• Language skills, seeking social support from caregivers

Question 7

Sensitive caregiving

Answer 7

Caregivers helping the infant find new toys, interact with toys, understand the infant’s signals, better care for the infant, and coach emotional regulation.

Question 8

Social referencing

Answer 8

Using someone as a social reference about what to do in a situation

Question 9

Caregiver responsiveness

Answer 9

Who is most likely to respond based on response type

Question 10

Emotional display rules

Answer 10

Amount of appropriate responsiveness, not a lack of emotion but rather a lack of showing it, based on parental interaction with a situation.

Question 11

Stranger wariness

Answer 11

Dynamic interaction between individual and context. Infants are more wary of strangers because they don’t provide the same care that primary caregivers provide.

Question 12

Stranger wariness is ___ in a single caregiver environment and ___ in a community environment

Answer 12

higher, lower

Question 13

How does cognitive development influence aspects of emotional development?

Answer 13

Developing schemas determines how we act around certain things or in specific situations, emotional regulation by directing attention

Question 14

How does physical and motor development influence emotional development?

Answer 14

Being able to move changes social environment, changing how you feel

Question 15

Temperament

Answer 15

Natural tendency to react to something, tendency towards certain behaviors. Characteristics we have that are innate to us and may be biological. Temperament is not defining, but is just your tendency early on.

Question 16

Types of temperament

Answer 16

• Easy (warm up to new situations easily, cry less, smile more, sleep better)
• Difficult (no good biological schedule, cries more, doesn’t like new situations or people)
• Slow to warm up (may have problems initially, but get used to it and become easy babies)

Question 17

Dimensions of temperament

Answer 17

Extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, effortful control

Question 18

Extraversion/surgency

Answer 18

Tendency to experience positive emotion and try new things

Question 19

Negative affectivity

Answer 19

Tendency to experience negative emotion

Question 20

Goodness of fit

Answer 20

Interaction between temperament and environment (including caregiver and their temperament).

Question 21

Harlow’s monkey experiment

Answer 21

Wanted to see if monkeys preferred comfort or having its needs fulfilled. The baby monkeys generally preferred the cloth monkey (and comfort).

Question 22

Bowlby’s ethological perspective on attachment

Answer 22

• An infant needs safety and comfort, not just basic needs
• Infant’s signals and adult’s responses
• Phases of attachment
• Secure base (separation anxiety, internal working models)

Question 23

Bowlby’s phases of attachment

Answer 23

• At the 7-8 month mark, infants show strong caregiver attachment, use the caregiver as primary social reference and secure base
• At the 1 1/2 year mark, less separation anxiety but still strong attachment

Question 24

Secure base

Answer 24

A safe place for the infant to return to. When the have a secure base, they feel more comfortable exploring new environments but the absence of the person causes a lot of distress.

Question 25

Internal working models

Answer 25

A set of expectations we have about love and how we think people should interact with us. Our relationship with our caregiver affects our feelings of being worthy of love, respect, and affection.

Question 26

Ainsworth’s strange situation

Answer 26

Observation of infants with a stranger, absence of caregiver, and return of the caregiver. Infants display one of four attachment styles.

Question 27

Four attachment styles

Answer 27

Secure attachment, insecure avoidant attachment, insecure resistant attachment, insecure disorganized attachment

Question 28

Secure attachment

Answer 28

65-70% of infants, infants have a secure base and strong relationship with their parent.

Question 29

Insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 29

15% of infants, infants avoid the caregiver and don’t use them as a secure base. They were fine when the caregiver left and returned. They don’t have a lot of expectations about what the caregiver will do for them, and learned to not reach out or send signals.

Question 30

Insecure resistant attachment

Answer 30

10% of infants, infants are confused about how to behave with caregivers. They want to stay with caregiver, not exploring much, will become upset when the caregiver leaves, and stay upset when the caregiver returns (feel “betrayed”). This is common in unpredictable caregivers and addiction.

Question 31

Insecure disorganized attachment

Answer 31

5% of infants, infants that have experienced maltreatment and trauma. They show slight fear around the caregiver because they always want to know where the caregiver is. They treat the stranger the same as the caregiver because they know the caregiver is already unsafe.

Question 32

T/F: Infants can only form one type of attachment style

Answer 32

False, they can form different attachments to different caregivers

Question 33

Differences between mothers and fathers in attachment style

Answer 33

Fathers tend to engage in rough and tumble play, be more stimulating, be associated with arousal management, and have ties to social competence. Mothers tend to assume a more soothing role.

Question 34

Self-awareness

Answer 34

Ability to physically separate self from environment