Chapter 8 -- Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
Metabolism
sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body – macromolecules are broken down and the sub molecules are used to produce ATP – GOAL: to stay alive
Anabolic reactions
building up – transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules (energy is used)
Catabolic reactions
breaking down – transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP (energy is released)
Enzymes
are proteins that functions as catalysts
Negative feedback
when enzyme actions stops due to build up of end product
ADP
in the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate
glycolysis
A) occurs without oxygen (anaerobic process) B) ends with formation of 2 pyruvic acid C) occurs during fermentation D) degraded glucose to CO2 and H2O E) involves reduction of NAD F) occurs in cytoplasm G) reactant is glucose
oxygen
during aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor
cell membrane
In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located here
NAD
The reactions of fermentation function to produce ____ molecules for use in glycolysis.
electron transport
During which of the phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed?
38 ATP
In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, how many ATP are generated?
2 ATP
When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, how many ATP are generated?
Dehydration synthesis
one water molecule goes away to make bond – sometimes called condensation
Hydrolysis
adding water to break link – a polypeptide with 100 molecules would release 99 water molecules
Denaturation
protein loses its characteristic folded shape and becomes inactive – METHODS: pH, salt or temp (protein 60-65; DNA 80)
Oxidation
loss of electrons
Reduction
gain of electrons
Factors influencing enzyme activity
temperature ( 60-65; lower temp slows rx – higher temp speeds rx), pH, concentration of substrate (needs to keep being added prn to keep enzymes working 100%) and presence of non competitive or competitive inhibitors
competitve inhibitors
looks similar to substrate and would block (binds to) active site – ex. sulfa drugs
non-competitive inhibitors
bind with another site and make active site change shape – ex. heavy metals, arsenic, mercury, lead, makes you sick by stopping pathways and blocking processes
carbohydrate catabolism
most microorganisms oxidize carbs as their primary energy source
cellular respiration
process organisms undergo to convert glucose to energy – involves 4 stages: glucose catabolism, transition or bridge reaction, krebs cycle and electron transport
Transition/Bridge reaction
2nd part cellular respiration – location: prokaryotic: cytoplasm, eukaryotic: mitochondrial matrix - reactant: pyruvate c3 - products: co2 and NADH - final product: acetyl CoA (c2)
Krebs cycle
3 step cellular respiration – no carbon - location: prokaryotic: cytoplasm, eukaryotic: matrix - reactant: acetyl CoA, products: co2, ATP - final products: NADH, FADH2 — 2 TURNS of Kreb cycle are required to completely oxidize that carbon from 1 glucose molecule
Electron transport
stage 4 cellular respiration – location: prokaryotic: plasma membrane, eukaryotic: mitrochondrial membrane - reactant: NADH, FADH2 - products: ATP - final electron acceptor: oxygen - final product: water
active site; substates
Enzymes provide an ____ ___ for target molecules called _____.
redux reaction
always occurs in pairs.
There is an electron donor and electron acceptor which constitutes a conjugate pair or ______ pair.
fermentation
uses glycolysis pathway, organic compounds are the final electron acceptor – produces 2 ATP during glycolysis
Electron Transport System (ETS)
The final “processing mill” for electrons and hydrogen and the major generator of energy.
water
Electron Transport System ends in the final step is the acceptance of electrons and hydrogens by oxygen, producing _____
coenzyme
an organic molecule that serves as an enzyme helper
Water molecule
The binding of two glucose molecules results in a disaccharide and a _________?
Transition & Krebs Cycle
Phases of aerobic cellular respiration that release carbon dioxide
Plasma membrane
LOCATION in the prokaryotic cell where electron transport takes place
2 pyruvate
END PRODUCT of glycolysis
Heterolactic
an organism that ferments sugars and produces lactic acid as well as other products
Homolactic
organism that ferments sugar and produces ONLY lactic acid
Cytoplasm
LOCATION in the eukaryotic cell where glycolysis takes place
