Chapter 8 -- Microbial Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body – macromolecules are broken down and the sub molecules are used to produce ATP – GOAL: to stay alive

Question 2

Anabolic reactions

Answer 2

building up – transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules (energy is used)

Question 3

Catabolic reactions

Answer 3

breaking down – transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP (energy is released)

Question 4

Enzymes

Answer 4

are proteins that functions as catalysts

Question 5

Negative feedback

Answer 5

when enzyme actions stops due to build up of end product

Question 6

ADP

Answer 6

in the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate

Question 7

glycolysis

Answer 7

A) occurs without oxygen (anaerobic process)
B) ends with formation of 2 pyruvic acid
C) occurs during fermentation
D) degraded glucose to CO2 and H2O
E) involves reduction of NAD
F) occurs in cytoplasm 
G) reactant is glucose

Question 8

oxygen

Answer 8

during aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor

Question 9

cell membrane

Answer 9

In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located here

Question 10

NAD

Answer 10

The reactions of fermentation function to produce ____ molecules for use in glycolysis.

Question 11

electron transport

Answer 11

During which of the phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed?

Question 12

38 ATP

Answer 12

In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, how many ATP are generated?

Question 13

2 ATP

Answer 13

When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, how many ATP are generated?

Question 14

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 14

one water molecule goes away to make bond – sometimes called condensation

Question 15

Hydrolysis

Answer 15

adding water to break link – a polypeptide with 100 molecules would release 99 water molecules

Question 16

Denaturation

Answer 16

protein loses its characteristic folded shape and becomes inactive – METHODS: pH, salt or temp (protein 60-65; DNA 80)

Question 17

Oxidation

Answer 17

loss of electrons

Question 18

Reduction

Answer 18

gain of electrons

Question 19

Factors influencing enzyme activity

Answer 19

temperature ( 60-65; lower temp slows rx – higher temp speeds rx), pH, concentration of substrate (needs to keep being added prn to keep enzymes working 100%) and presence of non competitive or competitive inhibitors

Question 20

competitve inhibitors

Answer 20

looks similar to substrate and would block (binds to) active site – ex. sulfa drugs

Question 21

non-competitive inhibitors

Answer 21

bind with another site and make active site change shape – ex. heavy metals, arsenic, mercury, lead, makes you sick by stopping pathways and blocking processes

Question 22

carbohydrate catabolism

Answer 22

most microorganisms oxidize carbs as their primary energy source

Question 23

cellular respiration

Answer 23

process organisms undergo to convert glucose to energy – involves 4 stages: glucose catabolism, transition or bridge reaction, krebs cycle and electron transport

Question 24

Transition/Bridge reaction

Answer 24

2nd part cellular respiration – location: prokaryotic: cytoplasm, eukaryotic: mitochondrial matrix - reactant: pyruvate c3 - products: co2 and NADH - final product: acetyl CoA (c2)

Question 25

Krebs cycle

Answer 25

3 step cellular respiration – no carbon - location: prokaryotic: cytoplasm, eukaryotic: matrix - reactant: acetyl CoA, products: co2, ATP - final products: NADH, FADH2 — 2 TURNS of Kreb cycle are required to completely oxidize that carbon from 1 glucose molecule

Question 26

Electron transport

Answer 26

stage 4 cellular respiration – location: prokaryotic: plasma membrane, eukaryotic: mitrochondrial membrane - reactant: NADH, FADH2 - products: ATP - final electron acceptor: oxygen - final product: water

Question 27

active site; substates

Answer 27

Enzymes provide an ____ ___ for target molecules called _____.

Question 28

redux reaction

Answer 28

always occurs in pairs.

There is an electron donor and electron acceptor which constitutes a conjugate pair or ______ pair.

Question 29

fermentation

Answer 29

uses glycolysis pathway, organic compounds are the final electron acceptor – produces 2 ATP during glycolysis

Question 30

Electron Transport System (ETS)

Answer 30

The final “processing mill” for electrons and hydrogen and the major generator of energy.

Question 31

water

Answer 31

Electron Transport System ends in the final step is the acceptance of electrons and hydrogens by oxygen, producing _____

Question 32

coenzyme

Answer 32

an organic molecule that serves as an enzyme helper

Question 33

Water molecule

Answer 33

The binding of two glucose molecules results in a disaccharide and a _________?

Question 34

Transition & Krebs Cycle

Answer 34

Phases of aerobic cellular respiration that release carbon dioxide

Question 35

Plasma membrane

Answer 35

LOCATION in the prokaryotic cell where electron transport takes place

Question 36

2 pyruvate

Answer 36

END PRODUCT of glycolysis

Question 37

Heterolactic

Answer 37

an organism that ferments sugars and produces lactic acid as well as other products

Question 38

Homolactic

Answer 38

organism that ferments sugar and produces ONLY lactic acid

Question 39

Cytoplasm

Answer 39

LOCATION in the eukaryotic cell where glycolysis takes place