Chapter 1 -- Arielle Flashcards
Microbiology
study of tiny life forms that are only visible individually with the use of magnification
Pathogen
any microorganism capable of disease causing
Pathogenic
capable of causing disease
Potential Pathogen
pathogen capable of causing disease if it enter a part of the body not prepared for it.. i.e.. ecoli in gut ok, but ecoli in bladder causes a UTI
Opportunistic pathogen
only will cause a problem if given the situation to… ie… staph on skin is ok but can cause infection if enters through a cut
Colony
macroscopic growth that arised from 1 bacteria
Causitive agent
the organism that causes the disease
Viruses
are “particles”, believed to be non-living; non-cellular – obligate intracellular parasites – examples are flu, chicken pox, rabies – no nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
no nucleus, DNA, ribosomes
Eukaryotic cells
nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria – plants have cell walls, animals don’t
Cellular Microbes
Bacteria, Helminths, Algae, Fungi, Protozoa – all which have a nucleus
Bacteria
no nucleus, cellular – gets nutrients by absorption
Sporangia
spores on mushrooms
Flat Worms
Kingdom animalae – tape worms & flukes – usually get by eating the eggs
Rabies
“bullet” shaped
Influenza
RNA in center with projections around making the strain, ie… H1N1
Microbial Genetics
study of DNA, RNA and proteins in microbes
Mycology
study of Fungi
Phycology
study of algae
Immunology
study of immune response
Epidemiology
study of spread of disease
Etiology
study of cause of disease
Chemotherapy
treatment of disease with chemicals
Infection control
principles of controlling disease
Industrial microbiology
how to apply knowledge of microbes to manufacture of fermented foods and other products of microbes i.e… pickles, wine, vinegar
Pharmaceutical microbiology
how to manufacture ATB, vaccines and other health products
Environmental microbiology
how to maintain safe drinking water, dispose of wastes, and control environmental pollution
Genetic engineering
how to use microbes to synthesize products helpful to humans, i.e…. insulin
Ubiquitous
“everywhere” – 50% of microbes live beneath and within the earths crusts
Postive Effects of Microbes
photosynthesis (plants), decomposers(fungi), food chain, medications, food products, bioremediation
Bioremediation
cleaning up the environmental pollution by using microbes
Negative Effects of Microbes
cause infection, cause disease and opportunistic (Tb) and potential pathogens
Infectious disease
something you can get from a causative agent
Robert Hooke
coining the name “cell”
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
father of microbiology – invented 1st microscope
Spontaneous Generation
is an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in non living or decomposing matter
Abiogenesis
arising from non life
Redi’s Experiment
did fly experiment to disprove spontaneous generation
Edward Jenner
small pox vaccine
Ignaz Simmelweis
reducing incidents of childbirth fever by 50% – instituted washing hands in chlorinated lime
Joseph Lister
aseptic technique IN SURGERY - used carbolic acid as disinfectant and heat
The Germ Theory of Disease
many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body – 2 major contributors: Pasteur and Koch
Louis Pasteur
states microbes are everywherem aseptic technique in LAB, microbes wont go around curves, developed pasteurization, disproved spontaneous generation
Theory of Biogenesis
Louis Pasteur eventually disproved spontaneous generation and this theory – the idea that living things can only arise from other living things
Robert Koch
identified cause of anthrax, Tb and cholera – developed pure culture methods, established Koch’s postulates which is a sequencing of experimental steps that verified the germ theory
Hesse
developed agar
Han Christian Gram
gram stain procedure – which classifies bacteria based on cell wall composition
Elie Metchnikoff
phagocytosis
Paul Ehrlich
father of chemotherapy – developed an arsenic derived medication (salvirisan) used to treat syphillis
Alexander Fleming
discovered antimicrobial ability of a substance produced by the mold penicillium
Chain & Florey
worked for a drug company and developed PCN
Lancefield
streptococcal classification, based on antigen on cell — Type A - strep, Type B - kills newborns during birth, in a womans vagina
Prusiner
prions, which can cause mad cow disease – pieces of protein without nucleic acid – can develop holes into the brain and these people can die of dementia – incubation period 10-20 years
Taxonomy
the science dealing with organizing, classifying and naming organisms
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)
father of nomenclature
Classification
the assignment of organisms to groups within a system of categories distinguished by shared common characteristics such as structure, origin, etc
Level of Classification
Domain (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya), Kingdom, Phylum (or Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Scientific Name
AKA Scientific nomenclature, binomial nomenclature – purpose: uniform system of identification, cure for “common name syndrome”
Linnaeus: father of taxonomy
Aristotle Classification
2 Kingdom System: Plants and Animals; criteria: observation
Whittaker Classification
5 Kingdom System: planate, fungi, animalia, protista, monera – criteria: type nutrition, cell type and observation
Woese Classification
3 Domain System – criteria rRNA sequencing – domain bacteria, domain archaea and domain eukarya
Strain
subspecies – members of the same genus and species that have mutated to be significantly different than other members of the species
Dichotomous Key
identification aid that contains a series of paired statements that can be used to help identify an organism
