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MICRO LECTURE > Chapter 6 -- Intro to viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 6 -- Intro to viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Roman Empire

A

Detailed accounts of epidemics

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2
Q

Cortez and the Aztecs

A

Believe Cortez brought small pox over to Aztecs who had never been exposed

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3
Q

Chamberland

A

Created porcelain bacterial filter to catch bacterial cells, like a strainer

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4
Q

Dmitri Iwanowski

A

Tobacco mosaic disease – took filtrate and exposed on healthy plants and they got sick, but still didn’t know why – discovered that viruses are filterable

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5
Q

Martina’s Bejerinck

A

Credited with coining the term ‘virus’

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6
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

Visualized viruses

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7
Q

Characteristics of Viruses

A

Obligate intracellular parasite, particle not a cell, has DNA or RNA, infectious agent, filterable

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8
Q

Density dependence

A

Or contact inhibition, which is the cells will stop growing if too crowded

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9
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Like to grow on a surface

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10
Q

Transformed cells lack

A

Density and anchorage dependence, which causes tumors and metastasized cells

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11
Q

Oncoviruses

A

Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

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12
Q

Papilloma virus

A

All strains cause warts, can cause cervical cancer

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13
Q

Epstein-Barr virus

A

Mononucleosis, or Burkitt’s lymphoma ( lump, usually on face, mostly in Africa)

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14
Q

Persistent infections

A

Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed; can last weeks or hosts lifetime

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15
Q

Chronic latent state

A

Several persistent viruses can periodically reactivate— examples: measles (may remain hidden in brain cells for many years, very rare), herpes simplex virus (cold sores or genital herpes), herpes zoster virus, or varicella ( chickenpox or shingles)

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16
Q

Nucleic acid core

A

DNA or RNA, linear or circular, carries info to redirect host to make new viruses, may contain enzymes

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17
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat of a virus made of amino subunits called capsomeres

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18
Q

Capsomeres

A

Amino acid subunits in capsid

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19
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Genome and capsid together

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20
Q

Spikes

A

Surface glycoproteins essential for attachment to host receptors on outside of envelope — may cause hemagglutination

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21
Q

Helical

A

Rod shaped

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22
Q

Polyhedral

A

Or lcosahedral, many sided

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23
Q

Complex viruses

A

Atypical viruses

Examples: Pox virus– lacks a typical capsid and covered by dense layer of lipoprotein; Bacteriophage– mean a virus that effects bacteria, polyhedral nucleocapsid head along with a helical “tails” and attachment fibers

24
Q

-viridae

A

Family name ends with -viridae, example: Herpesviridae

25
Q

-virus

A

Genus name ends with -virus, example: Simplexvirus

26
Q

Transmission

A

How to get infected, can be more than One way — example: chicken pox can be transmitted by inhalation or contact

27
Q

Site of Multiplication

A

Where it multiplies in cell – animal cell in nucleus and in bacteria in the cytoplasm

28
Q

General Steps in Viral Replication

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
29
Q

Attachment

A

Step 1 in replication – binding of virus to specific molecules (receptors) on host cell; contact is random

30
Q

Entry

A

Step 2 in replication – virus or genome enters host cell

31
Q

Assembly

A

AKA maturation, Step 4 in replication – viral components are assembled

32
Q

Release

A

Step 5 in replication – virus leaves the cell to infect other cells; exocytosis

33
Q

Synthesis

A

Step 3 in replication – viral components re produced ( DNA or RNA )

34
Q

Bacteriophage Replication

A

Lytic cycle or Lysogenic cycle

35
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Ends in lysis of cell, essentially the same as general replication

36
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Host cell gains new properties from incorporated viral genes– host cell gains immunity to reinfection by same virus– prophage is a bacterium with hidden DNA within its DNA

37
Q

Lysogeny

A

Spreads virus without killing host cell

38
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A

Phage genes in the bacterial chromosome can cause the production of toxins or enzymes that cause pathology

39
Q

Viral Classification

A

virus are classified on following criteria: type of host, nucleic acid, morphology, naked or enveloped, transmission ,site of multiplication and symtomology

40
Q

Steps in Viral Replication

A

REMEMBER Caesar without the C — Attachment, Entry, Synthesis, Assembly and Release

41
Q

DNA viruses

A

generally are replicated and assembled in the nucleus

42
Q

RNA viruses

A

generally replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm: Positive-sense RNA contain the message for translation and Negative-sense RNA must be converted into a positive-sense message

43
Q

Budding

A

a way a virus leaves a cell – exocytosis; nucleocapsid binds to membrane which pinches off and sheds the virus gradually; cell is not immediatly destroyed

44
Q

Lysis

A

one way a virus leaves the host - nonenveloped and complex viruses released when the cell dies and ruptures

45
Q

Prions

A

not viruses, but proteins — no nucleic acid, non cellular — can induce spontaneous abnormal folding in normal proteins – extremely resistant to control methods

46
Q

Satellite viruses

A

dependent on other viruses to replication

47
Q

Adeno-associated virus

A

satellite virus – replicated only in cells infected with adenovirus

48
Q

Delta agent

A

satellite virus – naked strand of RNA expressed only in the presence of HepB virus

49
Q

Viroids

A

short pieces of RNA, no protein coat; only been identified in plants

50
Q

Rabies

A

a bullet shaped animal virus that attaches to the nervous system for which a post exposure vaccine is a valid prevention method

51
Q

RNA

A

type of nucleic acid in the core of the Influenza virus

52
Q

False

A

TRUE OR FALSE: Bacteriophages may be grown on nutrient agar

53
Q

Retrovirus

A

a virus such as HIV that produces revere transcriptase

54
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

55
Q

Prophage

A

bacterium with hidden viral DNA with in its DNA

56
Q

Herpes family

A

chicken pox, mono, shingles and cold sores are all caused by members of the same FAMILY of viruses

57
Q

Arbovirus

A

general term for a virus carried by an arthropod vector such as a mosquito

MICRO LECTURE (17 decks)

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