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MICRO LECTURE > Chapter 7 -- Microbial Nutrition, Ecology and Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 7 -- Microbial Nutrition, Ecology and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

process by which chemical substances are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities

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2
Q

Troph

A

food

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3
Q

Auto

A

Self

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4
Q

Hetero

A

other

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5
Q

Photo

A

light

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6
Q

Chemo

A

chemicals

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7
Q

Saprobe

A

metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms (chemoheterotroph)

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8
Q

Parasite

A

utilizing the tissues, fluids of a live host (chemoheterotroph)

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9
Q

Growth

A

general definition: increase in size – prokaryotic definition: increase in number of cells

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10
Q

Colony

A

group of cells, together arising from 1 single bacteria (or colony forming unit)

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11
Q

Culture

A

something you grow in lab; usually contains bacteria – can also be a verb

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12
Q

Pure Culture

A

contains one Genus and species

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13
Q

eurythermal

A

wide range – in regards to temperature

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14
Q

stenothermal

A

narrow range – in regards to temperature

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15
Q

psychrophile

A

lover of cold temperatures

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16
Q

mesophile

A

most human pathogens belong to this temperature response group (optimal temp 37-degrees celcius)

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17
Q

thermophile

A

lover of heat

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18
Q

Temperature response

A

its the temperature the specimen is happiest to reproduce; not to exist

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19
Q

between pH 6 and pH 8

A

pH preferred: Majority of organism

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20
Q

pH 5.5 to 6 (slightly acidic)

A

pH preferred: most fungi

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21
Q

pH 6.5 to 7.5 (near neutral)

A

pH preferred: most bacteria and neutrophiles

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22
Q

Buffers

A

body naturally makes these to counteract an impact of something

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23
Q

acidophiles

A

lovers of acid – pH less than 4

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24
Q

alkalinophiles

A

lovers of pH up to 10

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25
Q

Phenol Red Dextrose Medium with Durham Tube

A

pH indication by color – red=neutral; yellow=acidic —durham tube used to look for gas

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26
Q

Solute

A

solid

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27
Q

solvent

A

liquid

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28
Q

solution

A

contains both solid and liquid

29
Q

Simple diffusion

A

no energy required – refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein

30
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion involving water – is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides

31
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the force with which the water flows from area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water

32
Q

Tonicity

A

solute concentration – comparison of solute on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane

33
Q

isotonic

A

solute is equal on both sides = no net movement

34
Q

hypotonic

A

(bursting cell) – solute is lower than other side

35
Q

hypertonic

A

(shrinkage) – solute is higher than other side

36
Q

plasmolysis

A

is the process in plant cells where the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis (shrinkage)

37
Q

aerobe

A

general term for organisms that use molecular oxygen – organisms that use oxygen produce more energy from the same nutrients than organism that do not use oxygen

38
Q

anaerobe

A

general term for organisms able to grow in the absence of oxygen

39
Q

obligate aerobe

A

requires oxygen – i.e. Pseudomonas

40
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

does not tolerate oxygen – i.e. Clostridium spp.

41
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

grows better in presence of oxygen – advantage: will use O2 if available, but can switch to fermentation if no O2 available – doesnt make as much ATP but efficient – i.e. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus

42
Q

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

cannot use O2, grows equally well with or without O2 present; ignores O2 – i.e. Lactobacillus

43
Q

microaerophile

A

damaged by normal atmospheric oxygen level by 20% – i.e. Campylobacter jejuni

44
Q

capnophiles

A

organisms that grow best at higher concentrations of CO2 (3-10%) than normally present in the atmosphere (0.033%) – i.e. Neisseria gonorrhea, N. meningitis, Brucella, S. pneumoniae

45
Q

generation time

A

time required for one cell to become two – time required for population to double – E. coli take 20 minutes under optimal conditions to duplicate

46
Q

binary fission

A

produces two separate cells, populations, species, etc.

47
Q

lag phase

A

phase where bacterial has been introduced to medium – little to no cell division occurs

48
Q

exponential phase (log phase)

A

phase where cell division is rapid – (where bacteria is most susceptible to disruption, i.e. ATBs)

49
Q

stationary phase

A

phase where cells begin to die – time of equilibrium

50
Q

the pour plate method

A

bacteria grows in or on medium — only problem is if medium is poured to hot it could kill bacteria

51
Q

spread plate method

A

bacteria grows on top of medium

52
Q

Standard Plate Count Using Serial Dilutions

A

need about 300 colonies to be considered accurate – usually measure sections and multiply total area

53
Q

spectrophotometer

A

measures absorbance or optical density – wont give actual numbers, it measures in % of transference

54
Q

turbidity

A

cloudy

55
Q

metabolic activity

A

assumes the amount of metabolic products such as CO2 or acid or alcohol is in direct proportion to the number of bacteria present – i.e. product amount = # bacteria

56
Q

dry weight

A

best method for filamentous bacteria or molds – dehydrate to powder form and weigh powder

57
Q

symbiotic

A

living together – organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one of both members – mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

58
Q

non-symbiotic

A

organisms are free living; relationships not required for survival – synergism, antagonism

59
Q

mutualism

A

happy marriage – obligatory, dependent; both members benefit

60
Q

commensalism

A

one spouse cheating – the commensal benefits; other member not harmed

61
Q

parasitism

A

parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed

62
Q

synergism

A

members cooperate and share nutrients

63
Q

antagonism

A

some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

64
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites in body – ie tapeworm

65
Q

ectoparasites

A

parasites outside the body – i.e. mosquito, lice, fleas

66
Q

facultative parasites

A

parasites that dont have to be in host but will be if available

67
Q

photoautotroph

A

an organism that uses light as an energy source AND carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as a carbon source

68
Q

BROTH

A

type of media that would be used in the lab in order to evaluate a bacterium’s oxygen requirements

MICRO LECTURE (17 decks)

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