Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics

Question 1

The study of what genes are, how they are expressed, carry info, and replicate

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product

Answer 2

gene

Question 3

structure containing DNA that carries heredity info, and contain the genes

Answer 3

chromosome

Question 4

all genetic info in a cell

Answer 4

genome

Question 5

the molecular study of genomes

Answer 5

genomics

Question 6

the genes of an organism

Answer 6

genotype

Question 7

expression of genes

Answer 7

phenotype

Question 8

polymer of nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

has double helix associated with proteins

Answer 9

DNA

Question 10

“backbone” is deoxyribose-phosphate

Answer 10

DNA

Question 11

strands are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonds between AT and CG

Answer 11

DNA

Question 12

stretches, unwinds, unzips DNA. enzymes do the work and act very fast

Answer 12

semi-conservative replication

Question 13

unzips strands, creates new strands by reading the old strand. Proof reads for base pair mismatch

Answer 13

DNA polymerase

Question 14

glues Okazaki fragments together from lag strand

Answer 14

DNA ligase

Question 15

short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging strand, together form short double stranded DNA sections

Answer 15

Okazaki fragments

Question 16

relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

Answer 16

DNA gyrase

Question 17

unwinds double stranded DNA

Answer 17

helicase

Question 18

replication of bacterial DNA first takes place where?

Answer 18

Origin of replication

Question 19

DNA is _______ to make RNA ( mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)

Answer 19

transcription

Question 20

Transcription begins when the RNA polymerase binds to ________ sequence

Answer 20

promoter

Question 21

Transcription stops when the RNA reaches the ______ sequence

Answer 21

terminator

Question 22

what is the recipe for DNA?

Answer 22

a gene

Question 23

DNA has how many strands?

Answer 23

2

Question 24

RNA has how many strands?

Answer 24

1

Question 25

The purpose of _________ is to make RNA copies of individual genes that the cell can use in biochemistry

Answer 25

transcription

Question 26

The purpose of ________ is to synthesize proteins, which are used for millions of cellular functions

Answer 26

translation

Question 27

Translation of mRNA ALWAYS begins with what start codon _____?

Answer 27

AUG

Question 28

__________ of constitutive genes are expressed at a fixed rate

Answer 28

regulation

Question 29

genes that are only expressed as needed

Answer 29

repressible inducible catabolite

Question 30

non-coding nucleotide bases along chromosomes

Answer 30

RFLP's

Question 31

all cells must _____ DNA prior to cell relpication

Answer 31

replicate

Question 32

when a product is needed by the cell, that gene for the product must be read, copied, and made into a product by using?

Answer 32

protein synthesis/ gene expression

Question 33

agent causing mutations

Answer 33

mutagen

Question 34

occur in the absence of a mutagen

Answer 34

spontaneous mutation

Question 35

_______ detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different

Answer 35

positive (direct) selection

Question 36

_______ detects mutant cells because they do not grow

Answer 36

negative (indirect) selection

Question 37

Growth on a _____ test indicates you have a mutagen

Answer 37

Ames

Question 38

Microbial technique in which one or more secondary agars are inoculated with the same colonies from the primary plate, producing the same pattern of colonies

Answer 38

replica plating

Question 39

Conjugation Transduction Transposition and Transformation are what kind of transmissions

Answer 39

Horizontal

Question 40

plasmid transferred by sex pillus

Answer 40

conjugation

Question 41

transfer of genetic info by virus

Answer 41

transduction

Question 42

gene can jump to another area of a genome

Answer 42

transposition (transposons)

Question 43

taking a gene fragment, incorporating into own genome and expressing it as own

Answer 43

transformation

Question 44

occurs during reproduction between generations of cells

Answer 44

vertical gene transfer

Question 45

the transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

Answer 45

horizontal gene transfer