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Microbiology > Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The study of what genes are, how they are expressed, carry info, and replicate

A

genetics

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2
Q

a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product

A

gene

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3
Q

structure containing DNA that carries heredity info, and contain the genes

A

chromosome

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4
Q

all genetic info in a cell

A

genome

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5
Q

the molecular study of genomes

A

genomics

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6
Q

the genes of an organism

A

genotype

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7
Q

expression of genes

A

phenotype

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8
Q

polymer of nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

A

DNA

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9
Q

has double helix associated with proteins

A

DNA

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10
Q

“backbone” is deoxyribose-phosphate

A

DNA

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11
Q

strands are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonds between AT and CG

A

DNA

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12
Q

stretches, unwinds, unzips DNA. enzymes do the work and act very fast

A

semi-conservative replication

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13
Q

unzips strands, creates new strands by reading the old strand. Proof reads for base pair mismatch

A

DNA polymerase

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14
Q

glues Okazaki fragments together from lag strand

A

DNA ligase

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15
Q

short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging strand, together form short double stranded DNA sections

A

Okazaki fragments

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16
Q

relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

A

DNA gyrase

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17
Q

unwinds double stranded DNA

A

helicase

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18
Q

replication of bacterial DNA first takes place where?

A

Origin of replication

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19
Q

DNA is _______ to make RNA ( mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)

A

transcription

20
Q

Transcription begins when the RNA polymerase binds to ________ sequence

A

promoter

21
Q

Transcription stops when the RNA reaches the ______ sequence

A

terminator

22
Q

what is the recipe for DNA?

A

a gene

23
Q

DNA has how many strands?

A

2

24
Q

RNA has how many strands?

A

1

25
Q

The purpose of _________ is to make RNA copies of individual genes that the cell can use in biochemistry

A

transcription

26
Q

The purpose of ________ is to synthesize proteins, which are used for millions of cellular functions

A

translation

27
Q

Translation of mRNA ALWAYS begins with what start codon _____?

A

AUG

28
Q

__________ of constitutive genes are expressed at a fixed rate

A

regulation

29
Q

genes that are only expressed as needed

A

repressible
inducible
catabolite

30
Q

non-coding nucleotide bases along chromosomes

A

RFLP’s

31
Q

all cells must _____ DNA prior to cell relpication

A

replicate

32
Q

when a product is needed by the cell, that gene for the product must be read, copied, and made into a product by using?

A

protein synthesis/ gene expression

33
Q

agent causing mutations

A

mutagen

34
Q

occur in the absence of a mutagen

A

spontaneous mutation

35
Q

_______ detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different

A

positive (direct) selection

36
Q

_______ detects mutant cells because they do not grow

A

negative (indirect) selection

37
Q

Growth on a _____ test indicates you have a mutagen

A

Ames

38
Q

Microbial technique in which one or more secondary agars are inoculated with the same colonies from the primary plate, producing the same pattern of colonies

A

replica plating

39
Q

Conjugation
Transduction
Transposition
and Transformation are what kind of transmissions

A

Horizontal

40
Q

plasmid transferred by sex pillus

A

conjugation

41
Q

transfer of genetic info by virus

A

transduction

42
Q

gene can jump to another area of a genome

A

transposition (transposons)

43
Q

taking a gene fragment, incorporating into own genome and expressing it as own

A

transformation

44
Q

occurs during reproduction between generations of cells

A

vertical gene transfer

45
Q

the transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

A

horizontal gene transfer

Microbiology (8 decks)

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