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Microbiology > Chapter 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____ is the smallest unit of matter

A

atom

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2
Q

atoms interact to form _______

A

molecules

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3
Q

Atoms are composed of?

A

Electrons
Protons
Neutron
(which forms nucleus of atoms)

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4
Q

The nucleus of an atom contains?

A

Protons and neutrons

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5
Q

electrons move around the _____ of an atom

A

shell

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6
Q

each chemical has a different number of protons, which makes the?

A

atomic number

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7
Q

________ are atoms with different numbers of neutrons. are unstable.

A

Isotopes

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8
Q

Atomic mass =

A

Proton+Neutrons

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9
Q

number of _______ dictates the behavior of an atom

A

electrons

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10
Q

_______ a compound contains different kinds of atoms

A

chemical bonds

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11
Q

______ are charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

A

ionic bonds

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12
Q

ionic bonds are attractions between ions of an _________ charge

A

opposite

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13
Q

__________ form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

A

covalent bond

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14
Q

The strongest bond

A

covalent bond

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15
Q

polar

A

still has a charge

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16
Q

non-polar

A

neutral, non-reactive, organic

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17
Q

form when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attached to N or O molecule atom in another molecule

A

hydrogen bond

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18
Q

the weakest bond

A

hydrogen bond

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19
Q

_________ involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

A

chemical reaction

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20
Q

chemical reaction that absorbs energy

A

endergonic

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21
Q

chemical reaction that releases energy

A

exergonic

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22
Q

_________ is the synthesis of molecules in a cell (takes energy)

A

anabolism

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23
Q

_________ is the decomposition reactions in a cell (releases energy)

A

catabolism

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24
Q

*_______ always contain carbon and hydrogen CH

A

*organic compounds

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25
Q

________ compounds lack carbon

A

inorganic

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26
Q

Substances that dissociate into one or more H+ (hydrogen)

A

acids

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27
Q

substances that dissociate into one or more OH-

A

bases

28
Q

substance that dissociate into cations and anions, neither which is H+ or OH-

A

salts

29
Q

Increasing H+ increases?

A

acidity

30
Q

Increasing OH- increases?

A

alkalinity

31
Q

_________ are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules

A

macromolecules

32
Q

monomers are joined by?

A

dehydration synthesis

33
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
cell structures
energy sources
consists of C,H,O (CH2O)
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
34
Q

are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms (carbs)

A

monosaccharides

35
Q

are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis (carbs)

A

disaccharides

36
Q

Disaccharides are broken down by?

A

hydrolysis

37
Q

this carb consists of 2 to 20 monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

38
Q

this carb consists of tens to hundreds of monosaccharides, joined by dehydration synthesis

A

polysaccharides

39
Q

Lipids

A

components of cell membrane
consists of C,H,0
are non-polar and insoluble in water

40
Q

Fats and Triglycerides are?

A

Simple Lipids

41
Q

(simple lipid) - no double bonds

A

saturated fat

42
Q

(simple lipid)- one or more double bonds in the fatty acids

A

unsaturated fat

43
Q

Complex Lipids

A

Contains C,H, and O+P, N or S

Membranes are made of phospholipids

44
Q

Steroids

A

4 carbon rings w/ an OH- group attached to one ring

Part of membranes

45
Q

Proteins

A 
essential in cell structure and function
enzymes
transporter proteins
flagella
some bacteria toxins are made of proteins
46
Q

are proteins that speed chemical reactions

A

enzymes

47
Q

__________ proteins move chemicals across membranes

A

transporter

48
Q

are made my proteins

A

flagella

49
Q

some bacteria toxins are

A

proteins

50
Q

protein consists of sub-units called

A

amino acids

51
Q

_________ bonds between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis

A

peptide

52
Q

The primary protein structure is a _________

A

polypeptide chain

53
Q

the secondary protein structure forms when the amino acids _________ and _______

A

folds, coils

54
Q

the tertiary protein structure forms when the helix folds _______

A

irregularly

55
Q

the _________protein structure consists of 2 or more polypeptides

A

quaternary

56
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

consists of nucleotides

57
Q

nucleotides consist of?

A

pentose
phosphate group
nitrogen-containing base

58
Q

Nucleosides consists of a

A

pentose

nitrogen-containing base

59
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has

A

deoxyribose
double helix
A hydrogen bonds with T
C hydrogen bonds with G

60
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has

A

ribose
single stranded
A hydrogen bonds with U
C hydrogen bonds with G

61
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has

A

ribose
adenine
3 phosphate groups

62
Q

ATP is made by? broken down by?

A

dehydration synthesis hydrolysis

63
Q

buffering capacity can be used until?

A

it’s used up, then can no longer buffer

64
Q

buffers level out excess

A

hydrogen

65
Q

neutralization

A

mixes a base with an acid to lower acidity

Microbiology (8 decks)

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