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Microbiology > Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

________ is endergonic, biosynthesis, made by dehydration synthesis, needs energy, and “builds”

A

anabolism

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2
Q

_________ is exergonic, degraditive reaction, hydrolysis, releases energy, “breaks down”

A

catabolism

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3
Q

Two processes that typically work in unison , one produces energy one uses it

A

coupling reaction

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4
Q

A functional protein is an?

A

enzyme

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5
Q

Lowers energy of activation (Ea)

A

enzyme

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6
Q

Speeds up reactions by 10’s of thousands times

A

enzyme

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7
Q

increases reaction rate without raising the temp

A

enzyme

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8
Q

_________ are specific and named after _________

A

enzymes, substates

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9
Q

What makes up enzymes?

A

apoenzyme
co-factor
co-enzyme
holoenzyme

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10
Q

____________ are specific for a chemical reaction, not used up in that reaction

A

biological catalysts

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11
Q

Apoenzyme is a ?

A

protein

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12
Q

Cofactor is a ?

A

non-protein component

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13
Q

Coenzyme is a?

A

organic factor

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14
Q

Holoenzyme is a?

A

apoenzyme plus cofactor

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15
Q

the ______ can assist by being electron carriers, acting as bridges to a substrate, and or accepting and donating atoms needed by a substrate

A

cofactor

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16
Q

Substrate contacts the _______ of an enzyme

A

active site

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17
Q

substrate gets atomically rearranged after the enzyme-substrate complex is formed causing the _____ to no longer fit

A

product

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18
Q

after an enzyme is free’d from a substrate complex it can?

A

react with another substrate

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19
Q

Enzyme classification

A 
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Hydrolase
Lyase
Isomerase
Ligase
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20
Q

Oxidoreductase ?

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions

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21
Q

transferase?

A

transfer functional groups

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22
Q

hydrolase?

A

hydrolysis

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23
Q

lyase?

A

removal of atoms with hydrolysis

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24
Q

isomerase?

A

rearrangment of atoms

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25
Q

ligase?

A

joining molecules, uses ATP

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26
Q

Factors that influence enzyme activity

A

temperature
pH
substrate concentration
inhibitors

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27
Q

Temp and pH denatures?

A

proteins

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28
Q

enzyme levels do no decrease but reach?

A

saturation

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29
Q

Ribozymes?

A

RNA that cuts and splices RNA

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30
Q

oxidation- reduction reactions

A

oxidation
reduction
redox reaction

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31
Q

oxidation?

A

removal of electrons

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32
Q

reduction?

A

gain of electrons

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33
Q

redox reaction

A

an oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction

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34
Q

Biological oxidations are often

A

dehydrogenations

35
Q

ATP is generated 3 ways

A

photophosphoryllation
oxidataive phosphoryllation
chemophosphoryllation

36
Q

ATP is generated by the _____________ of ADP

A

phosphorylation

37
Q

*oxidataive phosphoryllation

A

energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain

38
Q

*photo phosphoryllation

A

Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlororphyll though a system of carrier molecules used to generate ATP

39
Q
  • chemo phosphorylation (substrate level phosphorylation)
A

energy from the transfer of high-energy PO4- to ADP generates ATP

40
Q

glycolysis
kreb’s cycle
electron transport chain

A

the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy

catabolism

41
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

in order to generate ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break strong bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2

42
Q

glycolysis?

A

the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid

43
Q

Alternatives to glycolysis

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

44
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

oxidation of molecules liberates electrons for an electron transport chain
ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation

45
Q

How many ATP make a glucose?

A

36

46
Q

Step 1 Glycolysis

A

The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) glucose in the cell’s cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate.

Glucose (C6H12O6) + hexokinase + ATP → ADP + Glucose 6-phosphate

47
Q

Step 2 Glycolysis

A

The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate. Isomers have the same molecular formula, but the atoms of each molecule are arranged differently.
Glucose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) + Phosphoglucoisomerase → Fructose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1)

48
Q

Step 3 Glycolysis

A

The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate.

Fructose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) + phosphofructokinase + ATP → ADP + Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2)

49
Q

Step 4 Glycolysis

A

The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.

Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2) + aldolase → Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C3H5O3P1) + Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1

50
Q

Step 5 Glycolysis

A

The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter-converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.

Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed as soon as it is formed to be used in the next step of glycolysis.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C3H5O3P1) → Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1)

Net result for steps 4 and 5: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2) ↔ 2 molecules of Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1)

51
Q

Step 6 Glycolysis

A

Step 6

The enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase serves two functions in this step. First the enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde phosphate to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH. Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.

This occurs for both molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate produced in step 5.

A. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H- + 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 H+

B. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 P + 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1) → 2 molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (C3H4O4P2

52
Q

Step 7 Glycolysis

A

The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP. This happens for each molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The process yields two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules and two ATP molecules.

2 molecules of 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate (C3H4O4P2) + phosphoglycerokinase + 2 ADP → 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + 2 ATP

53
Q

Step 8 Glycolysis

A

The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3-phosphoglycerate from the third carbon to the second carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate.

2 molecules of 3-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + phosphoglyceromutase → 2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1)

54
Q

Step 9 Glycolysis

A

Step 9

The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP). This happens for each molecule of 2-phosphoglycerate.

2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + enolase → 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) (C3H3O3P1)

55
Q

Step 10 Glycolysis

A

The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP. This happens for each molecule of PEP. This reaction yields 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP molecules.

2 molecules of PEP (C3H3O3P1) + pyruvate kinase + 2 ADP → 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) + 2 ATP

56
Q

Glycolysis Process Summary

A

In summary, a single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water.

Although 2 ATP molecules are used in steps 1-3, 2 ATP molecules are generated in step 7 and 2 more in step 10. This gives a total of 4 ATP molecules produced. If you subtract the 2 ATP molecules used in steps 1-3 from the 4 generated at the end of step 10, you end up with a net total of 2 ATP molecules produced.

57
Q 
Glycolysis
Pyruvic oxidation (intermediate step)
Krebs Cycle 
Oxidative Phosphorilation (electron transport chain)
Are all steps of???
A

Cellular Respiration

58
Q

Glycolysis overview

A

is a 6 carbon sugar that is ultimately converted into
2 pyruvate (3 carbon organic molecule)
4 ATP is made’
NAD+ is reduced to 2 NADH

59
Q

Intermediate Step Overview

A

pyruvate from glycolysis goes in to mitochondria matrix, then is converted into a two-carbon bound to Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated

60
Q

Kreb’s Cycle Overview

A

The acetyl CoA ( oxidation )made in intermediate step combines with a 4 carbon molecule.
ATP
NADH
FADH2
are all produced and carbon dioxide is released

61
Q

Electron Transport Chain Overview

A

The NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit electrons into the transport chain. Chemiosmotic generation of ATP

62
Q

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient is?

A

Chemiosmosis

63
Q

During _____________, energy made from the series of reactions that make up the electron transport chain, is used to pump hydrogen across the membrane establishing an electrochemical gradient

A

Chemiosmosis

64
Q

Aerobic Respiration of Glucose Equation

A

Glucose+Oxygen»»»> Carbon Dioxide+ Water+Energy

C6H1206+602»»»» 6CO2+6H20

65
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation _____ and____ take hydrogen to electron transport chain

A

NAD and FAD

66
Q

_________ creates the most energy

A

Chemiosmotic Generation of ATP

67
Q

________ the final electron accepter in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen

A

Aerobic Respiration

68
Q

______ the final electron accepter in the electron transport chain, thats not 02

A

Anaerobic Respiration

69
Q

Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
Does not require oxygen or us Kreb Cycle or Electon trans chain
Uses organic molecule as final electron accepter

A

Fermentation

70
Q

Produces ethanol + CO2

A

Alcohol fermentation

71
Q

Produces lactic acid

A

Lactic Acid fermentation

72
Q

Homolactic fermentation produces

A

lactic acid only

73
Q

Heterolactic fermentation produces

A

lactic acid and other compounds

74
Q

***How do you balance Aerobic Respiration?

C6 H12 06+ 02—–>CO2+H20

A

C6 H12 06+ 602—–> 6C02 + 6H20

75
Q

__________ is light dependent reaction, uses E + H20 to build sugar from C02

A

Photosynthesis

76
Q

Prokaryotes use ________ in cell membrane for an independent reaction

A

chromatophores

77
Q

Eukaryotes use ________ in thylakoid membranes for a dependent reaction

A

chloroplasts

78
Q

(Photo)synthisis

A

Photo- conversion of light energy into chemical energy by using ATP

79
Q

Photo(synthesis)

A

Carbon fixation- fixing carbon into organic molecules

Light- independent reaction- Calvin Benson Cycle

80
Q

Chemoheterotroph is?

A

unable to utilize carbon dioxide to make their own organic compounds, obtain energy by oxidation of electron donors in their enviorment

81
Q

Chemoautotroph is?

A

use inorganic energy to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide

82
Q

Phototroph is?

A

uses energy in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix C02

83
Q

Photoheterotroph is?

A

uses energy

Microbiology (8 decks)

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