Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
________ is endergonic, biosynthesis, made by dehydration synthesis, needs energy, and “builds”
A
anabolism
2
Q
_________ is exergonic, degraditive reaction, hydrolysis, releases energy, “breaks down”
A
catabolism
3
Q
Two processes that typically work in unison , one produces energy one uses it
A
coupling reaction
4
Q
A functional protein is an?
A
enzyme
5
Q
Lowers energy of activation (Ea)
A
enzyme
6
Q
Speeds up reactions by 10’s of thousands times
A
enzyme
7
Q
increases reaction rate without raising the temp
A
enzyme
8
Q
_________ are specific and named after _________
A
enzymes, substates
9
Q
What makes up enzymes?
A
apoenzyme
co-factor
co-enzyme
holoenzyme
10
Q
____________ are specific for a chemical reaction, not used up in that reaction
A
biological catalysts
11
Q
Apoenzyme is a ?
A
protein
12
Q
Cofactor is a ?
A
non-protein component
13
Q
Coenzyme is a?
A
organic factor
14
Q
Holoenzyme is a?
A
apoenzyme plus cofactor
15
Q
the ______ can assist by being electron carriers, acting as bridges to a substrate, and or accepting and donating atoms needed by a substrate
A
cofactor
16
Q
Substrate contacts the _______ of an enzyme
A
active site
17
Q
substrate gets atomically rearranged after the enzyme-substrate complex is formed causing the _____ to no longer fit
A
product
18
Q
after an enzyme is free’d from a substrate complex it can?
A
react with another substrate
19
Q
Enzyme classification
A
Oxidoreductase Transferase Hydrolase Lyase Isomerase Ligase
20
Q
Oxidoreductase ?
A
Oxidation-reduction reactions
21
Q
transferase?
A
transfer functional groups
22
Q
hydrolase?
A
hydrolysis
23
Q
lyase?
A
removal of atoms with hydrolysis
24
Q
isomerase?
A
rearrangment of atoms
25
ligase?
joining molecules, uses ATP
26
Factors that influence enzyme activity
temperature
pH
substrate concentration
inhibitors
27
Temp and pH denatures?
proteins
28
enzyme levels do no decrease but reach?
saturation
29
Ribozymes?
RNA that cuts and splices RNA
30
oxidation- reduction reactions
oxidation
reduction
redox reaction
31
oxidation?
removal of electrons
32
reduction?
gain of electrons
33
redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction
34
Biological oxidations are often
dehydrogenations
35
ATP is generated 3 ways
photophosphoryllation
oxidataive phosphoryllation
chemophosphoryllation
36
ATP is generated by the _____________ of ADP
phosphorylation
37
*oxidataive phosphoryllation
energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain
38
*photo phosphoryllation
Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlororphyll though a system of carrier molecules used to generate ATP
39
* chemo phosphorylation (substrate level phosphorylation)
energy from the transfer of high-energy PO4- to ADP generates ATP
40
glycolysis
kreb's cycle
electron transport chain
the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy
| catabolism
41
Aerobic respiration
in order to generate ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break strong bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2
42
glycolysis?
the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
43
Alternatives to glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway
| Entner-Doudoroff pathway
44
Cellular Respiration
oxidation of molecules liberates electrons for an electron transport chain
ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation
45
How many ATP make a glucose?
36
46
Step 1 Glycolysis
The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate.
Glucose (C6H12O6) + hexokinase + ATP → ADP + Glucose 6-phosphate
47
Step 2 Glycolysis
The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate. Isomers have the same molecular formula, but the atoms of each molecule are arranged differently.
Glucose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) + Phosphoglucoisomerase → Fructose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1)
48
Step 3 Glycolysis
The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate.
Fructose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) + phosphofructokinase + ATP → ADP + Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2)
49
Step 4 Glycolysis
The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2) + aldolase → Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C3H5O3P1) + Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1
50
Step 5 Glycolysis
The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter-converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed as soon as it is formed to be used in the next step of glycolysis.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C3H5O3P1) → Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1)
Net result for steps 4 and 5: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2) ↔ 2 molecules of Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1)
51
Step 6 Glycolysis
Step 6
The enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase serves two functions in this step. First the enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde phosphate to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH. Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.
This occurs for both molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate produced in step 5.
A. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H- + 2 NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 H+
B. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 P + 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1) → 2 molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (C3H4O4P2
52
Step 7 Glycolysis
The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP. This happens for each molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The process yields two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules and two ATP molecules.
2 molecules of 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate (C3H4O4P2) + phosphoglycerokinase + 2 ADP → 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + 2 ATP
53
Step 8 Glycolysis
The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3-phosphoglycerate from the third carbon to the second carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate.
2 molecules of 3-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + phosphoglyceromutase → 2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1)
54
Step 9 Glycolysis
Step 9
The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP). This happens for each molecule of 2-phosphoglycerate.
2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + enolase → 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) (C3H3O3P1)
55
Step 10 Glycolysis
The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP. This happens for each molecule of PEP. This reaction yields 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP molecules.
2 molecules of PEP (C3H3O3P1) + pyruvate kinase + 2 ADP → 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) + 2 ATP
56
Glycolysis Process Summary
In summary, a single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water.
Although 2 ATP molecules are used in steps 1-3, 2 ATP molecules are generated in step 7 and 2 more in step 10. This gives a total of 4 ATP molecules produced. If you subtract the 2 ATP molecules used in steps 1-3 from the 4 generated at the end of step 10, you end up with a net total of 2 ATP molecules produced.
57
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Glycolysis
Pyruvic oxidation (intermediate step)
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorilation (electron transport chain)
Are all steps of???
```
Cellular Respiration
58
Glycolysis overview
is a 6 carbon sugar that is ultimately converted into
2 pyruvate (3 carbon organic molecule)
4 ATP is made'
NAD+ is reduced to 2 NADH
59
Intermediate Step Overview
pyruvate from glycolysis goes in to mitochondria matrix, then is converted into a two-carbon bound to Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated
60
Kreb's Cycle Overview
The acetyl CoA ( oxidation )made in intermediate step combines with a 4 carbon molecule.
ATP
NADH
FADH2
are all produced and carbon dioxide is released
61
Electron Transport Chain Overview
The NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit electrons into the transport chain. Chemiosmotic generation of ATP
62
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient is?
Chemiosmosis
63
During _____________, energy made from the series of reactions that make up the electron transport chain, is used to pump hydrogen across the membrane establishing an electrochemical gradient
Chemiosmosis
64
Aerobic Respiration of Glucose Equation
Glucose+Oxygen>>>>>>> Carbon Dioxide+ Water+Energy
| C6H1206+602>>>>>>>> 6CO2+6H20
65
In oxidative phosphorylation _____ and____ take hydrogen to electron transport chain
NAD and FAD
66
_________ creates the most energy
Chemiosmotic Generation of ATP
67
________ the final electron accepter in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
68
______ the final electron accepter in the electron transport chain, thats not 02
Anaerobic Respiration
69
Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
Does not require oxygen or us Kreb Cycle or Electon trans chain
Uses organic molecule as final electron accepter
Fermentation
70
Produces ethanol + CO2
Alcohol fermentation
71
Produces lactic acid
Lactic Acid fermentation
72
Homolactic fermentation produces
lactic acid only
73
Heterolactic fermentation produces
lactic acid and other compounds
74
***How do you balance Aerobic Respiration?
| C6 H12 06+ 02----->CO2+H20
C6 H12 06+ 602-----> 6C02 + 6H20
75
__________ is light dependent reaction, uses E + H20 to build sugar from C02
Photosynthesis
76
Prokaryotes use ________ in cell membrane for an independent reaction
chromatophores
77
Eukaryotes use ________ in thylakoid membranes for a dependent reaction
chloroplasts
78
(Photo)synthisis
Photo- conversion of light energy into chemical energy by using ATP
79
Photo(synthesis)
Carbon fixation- fixing carbon into organic molecules
| Light- independent reaction- Calvin Benson Cycle
80
Chemoheterotroph is?
unable to utilize carbon dioxide to make their own organic compounds, obtain energy by oxidation of electron donors in their enviorment
81
Chemoautotroph is?
use inorganic energy to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide
82
Phototroph is?
uses energy in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix C02
83
Photoheterotroph is?
uses energy
