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Psychology 101 > Chapter 8 Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Memory Flashcards

1
Q

How does memory function?

A

Thru a series of processes of encoding -> storage-> retrieval

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

The input of information into the memory system

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3
Q

What is the function of storage?

A

The retention of the encoded information

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4
Q

What is the function of retrieval?

A

Getting the information out of memory and back into awareness

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of processes for encoding?

A
  • automatic processing
  • effortful processing
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6
Q

What is automatic processing?

A

Encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

  • usually done without conscious awareness
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7
Q

What is effortful processing?

A

encoding of details that takes time and effort

  • example: learning a new skill
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8
Q

What are 3 types of encoding?

A
  • semantic encoding
  • visual encoding
  • acoustic encoding
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9
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

encoding of words and their meanings

  • involves a deeper level of processing
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10
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

Encoding of images

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11
Q

What is acoustic encoding?

A

Encoding of sounds

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12
Q

What is self reference effect?

A

tendency for an individual to have better memory for
information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal
relevance.

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13
Q

What is the Baddeley and Hitch model?

A

A model of stage where short term memory has different forms depending on the type of info received

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14
Q

What are the 3 short term systems in the Baddeley and Hitch Model

A
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer
  • Phonological loop
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15
Q

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory?

A

Information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term
memory

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16
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes.

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17
Q

What is short term memory/working memory?

A

temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory

  • lasts around 20 seconds
  • capacity is around 5-9 items, usually 7
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18
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

Transfer of short term memory to long term memory

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19
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

the conscious repetition of information to be remembered

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20
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Continuous storage of information

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21
Q

What are the 2 components of long term memory?

A
  • explicit (declarative)
  • implicit (non-declarative)
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22
Q

What is explicit (declarative) memory?

A

memories of facts and events we can consciously
remember and recall/declare.

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of explicit memories?

A
  • semantic memory
  • episodic memory
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24
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

knowledge about words, concepts, and language

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25
What is episodic/autobiographical memory?
information abt events we have personally experienced
26
What are implicit memories?
Memories that are not apart of our consciousness
27
What is the function of procedural memory?
stores information abt how to do things
28
What is the function of retrieval?
the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
29
What are the 3 ways to retrieve information?
- recall - recognition - relearning
30
How do you recall information?
being able to access information without cues
31
How do you use recognition to retrieve information?
being able to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again
32
How do you use relearning to retrieve information?
learning information that you previously learned
33
What is the equipotentiality hypothesis?
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function.
34
What are the 4 parts of the brain that's involved in memory?
- prefrontal cortex - amygdala - hippocampus - cerebellum
35
How is amygdala involved in memory?
Involve in processing fear, specifically tying fear to memories
36
How is the hippocampus involved in memory?
Gives memories meaning and connects it to other memories
37
How is the cerebellum involved in memory?
Plays a role in processing procedural memories such as classical conditioning and playing instruments
38
How is the prefrontal cortex involved in memory?
Appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks
39
Which neurotransmitters are involved in memory? (5)
- epinephrine - dopamine - serotonin - glutamate - acetylcholine
40
What is the arousal theory?
Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
41
What is flash bulb memory?
A record of an atypical and unusual event that has very strong emotional associations
42
What is amnesia?
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma.
43
What are the 2 types of amnesia?
- anterograde amnesia - retrograde amnesia
44
What is anterograde amnesia?
inability to remember new information after point of traum
45
What is retrograde amnesia?
loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred prior to the trauma
46
What is construction?
formulation of new memories
47
What is reconstruction?
process of bringing up old memories
48
What is suggestibility?
Effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
49
What did Elizabeth Loftus study?
Studied false memories
50
What is the misinformation effect paradigm?
after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
51
What is false memory syndrome?
Recall of false autobiographical memories
52
What is forgetting?
Loss of information from long-term memory
53
When does encoding failure occur?
Occurs when the memory is never stored in our memory in the first place
54
What are the 3 types of memory errors?
- forgetting type - distortion type - intrusion type
55
What are the 3 forms of forgetting type?
- transience - absentmindedness -blocking
56
What is transience?
Accessibility of memory decreases over time (storage decay)
57
What is absendmindeness?
forgetting caused by lapses in attention
58
What is blocking?
Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked (aka tip-of-the- tongue phenomenon)
59
What are the 3 forms of distortion type?
- misattribution - suggestibility - bias
60
What is misattribution?
source of memory is confused
61
What is suggestibility?
false memories
62
What is bias?
memories distorted by current belief system
63
What is the one form of intrusion type?
- Persistence
64
What is persistence?
- Inability to forget undesirable memories
65
What is stereotypical bias?
involves racial and gender biases
66
What is egocentric bias?
involves enhancing our memories of the past
67
What is hindsight bias?
tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the fact
68
What are the 2 types of interference?
- proactive interference - retroactive interference
69
What is proactive interference?
- old information hinders recall of new information
70
What is retroactive interference?
New information hinders recall of new information
71
What are the 4 ways to enhance memory?
- rehearsal - chunking - elaborative rehearsal - mnemonic devices
72
What is rehearsal?
conscious repetition of information to be remembered
73
What is chunking?
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks.
74
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
75
What are mnemonic devices?
memory aids that help us organize information for encoding

Psychology 101 (9 decks)

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