Chapter 4 State of Consciousness Flashcards
What is consciousness?
awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of
hunger and pain or detection of light.
What is wakefulness?
high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
What is biological rhythm?
Internal cycle of biological activity such as level of alertness or fluctuation of body temperature
What is the circadian rhythm?
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
What is an example of the circadian rhythm?
sleep-wake cycle
What controls our biological rhythms?
the hypothalamus
What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serve as?
Serves as the brain’s clock mechanism
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?
Located in the hypothalamus
What hormone regulates the sleep wake cycle?
Melatonin
What gland releases melatonin?
Pineal gland
What is sleep regulation?
brain’s control of switching between sleep and
wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
What is jet lag?
Symptoms resulting from the mismatch
between our internal circadian cycles and our
environment
How does a rotating shift work affect normal sleep?
Work schedule that changes from early to late on a weekly/daily basis
What is sleep debt?
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
What is sleep rebound?
sleep-deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall
asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep.
What is sleep?
state marked by relatively low physical activity and a reduced sense of
awareness
What are the 6 areas of the brain involved in sleep?
- hypothalamus
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- thalamus
- pituitary gland
- pons
- pineal gland
What is adaptive function (evolutionary hypothesis?)
Sleep is essential to restore resources that used during the day so it’s an adaptive response at night
How are cognitive function and sleep related?
decrease in sleep amount can negatively impact cognitive function and memory
What is the characteristics of alpha brainwaves during sleep? (3)
- relatively low frequency
- relatively high amplitude
- synchronized
What is the characteristics of theta brainwaves during sleep? (2)
- low frequency
- low amplitude
What is the characteristics of delta brainwaves during sleep? (3)
- low frequency
- high amplitude
- desynchronized
What are the stages of sleep? (3)
- transition b/w wakefulness and sleep, heartbeat slows down, and body temp decreases. Alpha waves happens here (stage 1)
- Body goes into deep relaxation. Theta waves happens here. Sleep spindles and K-complexes happens here (stage 2)
- Slow wave sleep; respiration/heart beat slows down even more. REM Sleep. Delta waves happens here
At what stage of the sleep cycle do we dream?
REM Stage
What does REM sleep stand for?
Rapid eye movement sleep
What are sleep spindles?
rapid burst of high frequency brainwaves
What are K-complexes?
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity
What is a hypnogram?
Diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep
What did Sigmund Freud think about dreams?
Saw dreams as a way to gain access to the unconscious
What is manifest content?
actual content of the dream
What is latent content?
hidden meaning of the dream
What did Carl Jung think about Dreams?
Believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious
What is the collective unconscious?
Theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures
What are lucid dreams?
certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a
dreaming state. A person becomes aware that they are dreaming.
What is insomnia?
difficulty falling or staying asleep
What is parasomnia?
involve unwanted motor behavior/experiences throughout the sleep cycle
What are the 4 types of parasomnia?
- sleep walking
- REM sleep behavior disorder
- restless leg syndrome
- night terrors
When does sleep walking usually occur?
during slow-wave sleep
When does REM sleep behavior disorder occur?
Occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur
What does restless leg syndrome involve?
Involves uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are
relieved by moving the legs
What is night terrors? When does it occur?
Sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape
- occurs during REM sleep
What is sleep apnea?
occurs when individuals stop breathing during their sleep for around 10-20 seconds or longer
What are the 2 types of sleep apnea?
- obstructive sleep apnea
- central sleep apnea
What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Occurs when an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
What is narcolepsy?
Involves an irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours
What is cataplexy?
loss of muscle tone while awake or in some cases complete paralysis
of the voluntary muscles.
What is hypnagogic hallucinations?
vivid, dream-like hallucinations
What is a substance abuse disorder?
compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences
What is physiological dependence?
involves changes in normal bodily functions and
withdrawal upon cessation of use of a drug
What is psychological dependence?
emotional need for the drug
What is tolerance?
occurs when a person
requires more and more of a drug to
achieve effects previously experienced at
lower doses; linked to physiological
dependence
What is withdrawal?
negative symptoms
experienced when drug use is
discontinued.
What are the 4 drug categories?
- stimulants
- depressants
- hallucinogens
- antipsychotics
What are the effects of a stimulant drug?
- increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temp
What are the effects of depressant/sedative-hypnotics drugs?
decreased heart rate and blood pressure
What are the effects of opiates? (4)
- decreased pain
- pupil dilation
- decreased gut motility
- decreased respiratory function
What are the effects of hallucinogens?
increased heart rate and blood pressure
What are depressants?
drugs that suppress the central nervous system activity
What are the effects of alcohol? (4)
- Decreases reaction time and visual acuity.
- Lowers levels of alertness.
- Reduces behavioral control.
- Can result in complete loss of consciousness
What are stimulants?
Drugs that increase overall levels of neural activity
What are some examples of stimulants? (4)
- caffeine
- nicotine
- cocaine
- amphetamine
What are opioids?
Drugs that serve as analgesics (decrease pain) thru their effects
What are some examples of opioids? (4)
- Heroine
- Morphine
- Methadone
- Codeine
What are hallucinogens?
Drugs that cause changes in sensory and perceptual experiences; can involve vivid hallucinations
What are some examples of hallucinogens?
- LSD
- PCP
- ketamine
What is hypnosis?
an extreme focus on the self that involves
suggested changes of behavior and experience
What is meditation?
the act of focusing on a single target such as breath or a repeated
sound to increase awareness of the moment
