Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
What is cognition?
Any word for thinking
What processes are cognition associated with? (6)
-perception
-knowledge
-problem solving
-judgment
-language
-memory
What are concepts?
Categories of linguistic info, images, ideas, or memories
What are prototypes?
Best example or representation of a concept
What are natural concepts?
Created “naturally” thru either direct or indirect experience
What are artificial concepts?
Defined by a specific set of characteristics
What is schema?
Mental construct consisting of a collection of related concepts
What is role schema?
Makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
What is event schema or cognitive script?
Set of routines or automatic behaviors
- makes habits difficult to break bc it’s automatic
What is language?
a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another
What is lexicon?
words of a given language
What is grammar?
Set of rules that are used to convey meaning thru the use of the lexicon
What is phoneme?
basic sound unit (ah, eh)
What are morphemes?
Smallest units of language that convey some types of meaning.
What are semantics?
Meaning we derive from morphemes and words
What is syntax?
The way words are organized into sentences
What did Noam Chomsky propose?
He proposed that mechanisms underlying language acquisition are biologically determined
What is critical period for language?
Period at which proficiency at acquiring language is maximal early in life
What is trial and error?
Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved
What is algorithm?
Step by step problem-solving formula
What is herustic?
General problem solving framework
What are some examples of heuristic? (3)
- short cuts/rule of thumb
- breaking large tasks into smaller steps
- working backwards
What is an anchoring bias?
tendency to focus on one piece of info when making a decision/solving a problem
What is confirmation bias?
Tendency to focus on info that confirms your existing beliefs
What is hindsight bias?
Leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it wasnt
What is representative bias?
Tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something
What is availability heuristic?
Tendency to make a decision based on an example, info, or recent experience thats readily available to you
What did Charles Spearman believe intelligence was?
Believed that intelligence consisted of one general factor called “g”
How did Raymond Cattell divide intelligence? (2)
- crystallized intelligence
- fluid intelligence
