Chapter 8- Memory

Question 1

What are the three processes involve in memory?

Answer 1

Encoding: Getting information into memory in the first place
Storage: Retaining memories for future use
Retrieval: Recapturing memories when we need them

Question 2

What is information processing model?

Answer 2

Information passes through three memory stores during encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 3

What is parallel distributed processing model?

Answer 3

Information is represented in the broom as a pattern of activation a cross entire neural networks

Question 4

What is automatic processing?

Answer 4

When you remember something without much conscious awareness or effort

Question 5

What is effortful processing?

Answer 5

When you remember something with careful attention and conscious effort

Question 6

What is sensory memory?

Answer 6

memory involving detailed, brief sensory images or sounds retained for a brief period of time (eg. a brief glance at a passing car)

Question 7

What is working memory?

Answer 7

A short term memory store for information you are thinking about right now(eg. Recalled memories such as someone’s phone number)

Question 8

What is rehearsal?

Answer 8

Consciously repeating information to ensure it is encoded

Question 9

What is long term memory?

Answer 9

All of the information we have gathered that is available for use, such as acquired skills, people we know and past feelings

Question 10

What is spaced practice effect?

Answer 10

Facilitates moving working memories into long term memory by rehearsing over time

Question 11

What is phonological? A type of encoding

Answer 11

Encoding based on sound

Question 12

What is visual? A type of encoding

Answer 12

Encoding based on how the info looks

Question 13

What is semantic? A type of encoding

Answer 13

Encoding based on the meaning of the information

Question 14

What is the best methods of effortful encoding?

Answer 14

Understand ( we remember things better when we understand what it means), elaborate (the more we expand on the meaning and make the info personally relevant, the better we remember it), and use mnemonic devices (techniques used to increase meaningfulness of infor to make it memorable)

Question 15

What is chunking in effortful encoding?

Answer 15

group bits of information together

Question 16

What is PQRST method in effortful encoding?

Answer 16

Preview, question, read, self-recitation and test

Question 17

What is explicit memory? In long term memory

Answer 17

Memory that a person can consciously bring to mind (eg.home address or date of birth)

Question 18

What is implicit memory?

Answer 18

memory that a person is not consciously aware of, such as learned motor behaviour, skills and habits

Question 19

What is retrieval cues?

Answer 19

Word, sights, or other stimuli that remind us of the information we need to retrieve from our memory

Question 20

What is context effects?

Answer 20

We can remember things better where we first learned them

Question 21

What is encoding specificity principle?

Answer 21

The original context (location/situation), mood, or state in which we learn material is loaded with retrieval cues, which leads to memories of the original event

Question 22

What is priming?

Answer 22

One price of information helps us retrieve other related memories

Question 23

What is flashbulb memory?

Answer 23

Detailed or near-permanent memories of an emotionally significant event or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about the event

Question 24

What are the three reasons for retrieval failure?

Answer 24

-decay theory
-interference theory
-motivated forgetting

Question 25

What is decay theory?

Answer 25

-memory traces(physical traces in brain) fade over time if they’re not used
-forgetting curve(we forget a great deal very quickly, but the forgetting levels off and the amount of information we retain stabilizes

Question 26

what is interference theory?

Answer 26

Forgetting is influenced by what happens to people before or after they take information in
-Proactive interference (competing info that’s learned before the forgotten material, preventing subsequent recall)
-Retroactive interference(learning of new intro disrupts access to previously recalled info)

Question 27

What is motivated forgetting?

Answer 27

We may forget information thats unpleasant , embarrassing or painful
-Repression (process in which we unconsciously prevent some traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we don’t have to experience the anxiety or blows to our self-concept that the memories would bring

Question 28

What are the three factors that contribute to memory distortions?

Answer 28

Source misattributions, imagination and misinformation

Question 29

What is source misattributions?

Answer 29

Remembering intro, but not its source, may lead to remembering info from unreliable source as true

Question 30

What is imagination?

Answer 30

Memories can be distorted by false info that comes from within, from our imaginations

Question 31

What is misinformation?

Answer 31

Exposure to new info, misinformation, can also lead to the distortion or manufacture of false memories

Question 32

Why is prefrontal cortex important?

Answer 32

Is important in working memory

Question 33

Why is hippocampus important?

Answer 33

Is important for the transfer of memories into long term memory

Question 34

What is memory consolidation?

Answer 34

Process by which memories stabilize in the brain

Question 35

What is potentiation?

Answer 35

Synchronous networks of cells firing together

Question 36

What is long term potentiation (LTP) ?

Answer 36

A phenomenon where repeated stimulation of certain nerve cells in the brain greatly increases the likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future stimulation

Question 37

What is prospective memory?

Answer 37

Ability to remember content in the future

Question 38

what is retrospective memory?

Answer 38

Ability to remember content from the past

Question 39

What is amnesic disorders?

Answer 39

Organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom

Question 40

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 40

Can’t form new memories

Question 41

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 41

Can’t remember things before amnesia inducing event

Question 42

What is dementia?

Answer 42

Serve memory problems combined with losses in at least one other cognitive function such as abstract thinking or language