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Psychology 1105 > Chapter 3- Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neuroimaging?

A

Techniques that allow for studying brain activity and structure by obtaining visual images in awake humans ( MRI, fMRI, CAT/CT, PET, TMS, DTI are the neuroimaging techniques)

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2
Q

What is central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Consists of all the nerves that deliver information from the periphery to the CNS

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4
Q

What is neurons?

A

Cells that carry information between parts of our body and the nervous system

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5
Q

What is afferent neurons?

A

Carry signals from PNS to the CNS

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6
Q

What is efferent neurons?

A

Carry signals from CNS to the PNS, muscles and glands

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7
Q

What is interneurons?

A

The relay cells between neuron types (eg. Interneurons are found in the spinal cord between the motor and sensory neurons)

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8
Q

What is somatic nervous system?

A

All the nerves that gather sensory info from the body, neck head and deliver it to the spinal cord and brain. Also send info about the movement from CNS to the muscles of the body, neck and head

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9
Q

What is autonomic nervous system?

A

Comprises the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

What is sympathetic nervous system?

A

Responsible for fight-or-flight reaction

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11
Q

What is parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Reverses the effect of the sympathetic nervous system to return the body to its resting state

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12
Q

What is the structure of hindbrain?

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation

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13
Q

Structure of midbrain

A

Substantia nigra

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14
Q

Structure of forebrain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, lambic system, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex

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15
Q

What is the function and location of hindbrain?

A

Regulates basic life functions; part of the brain closet to the spinal cord

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16
Q

Hindbrain-medulla

A

Regulates heartbeat, breathing, sneezing and coughing

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17
Q

Hindbrain-pons

A

Bridge between the medulla and other areas (important for sleep, dreaming, breathing, swallowing, eye movements, and facial sensation and expression)

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18
Q

Hindbrain-cerebellum

A

Important for motor coordination and certain types of learning that involve movement such as learning to play the Piano

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19
Q

Hindbrain-reticular formation

A

Regulates sleep/wake cycle( involved in wakefulness, arousal and mood)

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20
Q

Midbrain-sybstantia nigra

A

Important in the fluidity of movement and inhabiting movements

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21
Q

Forebrain-thalamus

A

Serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information

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22
Q

Forebrain-hypothalamus

A

Important for motivation, basic drives, and control of the endocrine system

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23
Q

Forebrain-pituitary gland

A

Regulates hormones

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24
Q

Forebrain-limbic system

A

Involve in the regulation of motivation, emotion and learning and memory

25
Q

Lambic system has:

A

Amygdala: involved in processing fear
Hippocampus: important for certain types of learning and memory

26
Q

Forebrain-basal ganglia

A

Plays a role in cognitive flexibility and voluntary movement control
—includes nucleus accumbens( important foe motivation and reward learning)

27
Q

Forebrain-cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for complex functions: consciousness, language, and thought

28
Q

What is sensory cortex (cerebral cortex)?

A

Registers sensory neurons( touch)

29
Q

What is motor cortex (cerebral cortex)?

A

Registers the motor neurons (muscles)

30
Q

What is association cortex (cerebral cortex)?

A

Registers complex functions including higher order sensory processing, integrating information from different senses, thinking and planing

31
Q

Cerebral cortex t include the five lobes:

A

-Occipital lobe (back of brain)—vision
-Temporal lobe(side of brain)—processes info about auditory stimuli and language, recognizing complex visual stimuli (faces)
-Parietal lobe—sensory integration
-Frontal lobe(front of brain)—higher intellectual thinking
-Prefrontal lobe—memory, morality, mood and planning

32
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

Air traffic controllers must react to an array of sensory stimuli and make quick decisions. Communication within and between the lobes of the brain allows us to perform such complex functions simultaneously

33
Q

Two lobes that responsible for speech are?

A

-Broca’s area (frontal lobe)—speech production
-Wernicke’s area(temporal lobe—language comprehension

34
Q

How does the nervous system work?

A

*Neuron (a nerve cell)
-Sensory-gathers sensory information
-Motor-communicates info to the muscles
-Interneuron-communicates with sensory and motor neurons and other interneurons
*Glia(cells that make up the nervous system in Addison to neurons)
-Astroglia-creates blood brain barrier, influences communication between neurons, helps heal brain damage
-Oligodendroglia-provides myelin to speed up transmission of neurons
-Microglia-cleans up dead cells and provides infection in the brain

35
Q

What is resting potential?

A

When a neuron is at rest, it is negatively charged inside(intracellular) relative to the outside(extracellular)

36
Q

What is action potential?

A

When a neuron fires, pores in the neuron(ion channels) open to let charged ions flow into and out of the neuron. The neuron becomes more positive in the inside relative to the outside. This shift in electrical charge triggers the axon terminals to release neurotransmitters

37
Q

Action potential steps:

A

Resting potential maintained by Na or K pump, then Na channels open, leads to depolarization which Na ions rush in. Then Na channels close, repolarization which K ions rush out. The refractory period Na channels can’t open which leads to resting potential re-established by Na/K pump.

38
Q

What is All or None Principle?

A

Either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated to start an action potential(all) or it is not(none). Immediately after a neuron has fired, it can’t fire again (refractory period)

39
Q

What is the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

The regions of bare axon that are between areas warped in myelin. Action potentials travel down myelinated axons by pumping from node to node.

40
Q

Communication across the synapse

A
  • Action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters(specialized chemicals) into the synapse( space between neurons)
    -Neurotransmittermolecules are contained in synaptic vesicles
    -These chemical neurotransmitters are taken up by the neurotransmitter receptors (protein in cell membrane that recognize specific molecules) in a neighbouring neuron
41
Q

What is postsynaptic potentials( neurotransmitter receptor)

A

These are electrical events in postsynaptic neurons that occur when a neurotransmitter binds to one of its receptors. When a receptor is activated, positive or negative ions can flow through the receptor into the neuron.

42
Q

What is Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) —Neurotransmitter receptor

A

The depolarize the neuron and increase the likelihood of an action potential

43
Q

What is Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)—neurotransmitter receptor

A

The hyperpolarize the neuron and decrease the likelihood of an action potential

44
Q

What is Neural networks?

A

Neurons form circuits or networks that expand the communication among different brain regions.

45
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

It’s the brain’s ability to make new neural connections or to reorganize in response to injury or experience

46
Q

What is traumatic brain injury?

A

Concussions, spinal cord injuries

47
Q

What is acquired brain injury?

A

Infections, exposure to toxins, tumours, degenerative disease and strokes

48
Q

What are some ways to treat brain injuries?

A

-Early medical care
-Medications
-Cooling of the brain and body
-Neuronal loss prevention treatments
-Behavioural therapies

49
Q

Brain Lateralization

A

-Language centres in most-right handed people are on the left side of the brain However, in some-left handed people, language centres are on the right side (or on both sides)

50
Q

What is corpus callosum?

A

-Connects the tow brain hemispheres
-Dense bundle of neural fibers(axons) allow for communication of information from one side of the brain to another side

51
Q

What is evolution?

A

-The process of the development and divergence of life9species) on this planet

52
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

Studies how the process of evolution has shaped the body and brain through interaction of our genes and the environment to produce thoughts and behaviours

53
Q

Transitory animals

A

Fossil evidence of transitory animals—Tiktaalik (a fish in the Canadian arctic that had a primitive wrist with finger-like bones

54
Q

What is homologous traits?

A

Characteristics that are similar between species and can be traced back to a common ancestor

55
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The development of similar physical character is s or behaviours in different species that don’t share common ancestor (wings on birds and bees)

56
Q

Charles Darwin’s four observations

A

1) Animals were changing over time
2) Aspects of species that seen different on the surface which as human hand, a bat’s wing and a cat’s paw, had structural similarities underneath
3) Selective breeding of captive animals leads to changes in the appearance of the animal
4) Not all animals that are born will survive to maturity and be able to reproduce

57
Q

what is evolution by natural selection?

A

Animals with physical and behavioural attributes well suited to their environment are more like;y to survive, reproduce and pass on their traits to their offspring

58
Q

What is fitness?

A

An individual’s ability to successfully grow to maturity and have offspring

59
Q

Evolution of the brain

A

The Australopithecus skull is about one third size of the present day human skull. It has a much smaller frontal area which leads to the assumption that the frontal cortex in the Australopithecus was also smaller

Psychology 1105 (11 decks)

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