Chapter 4- Human Development Flashcards
What is cross sectional design?
Compares groups of different aged people to one another at a single point in time
What is longitudinal design?
Studies the same group of individuals over multiple time points
Advantage and disadvantage of cross sectional design
Advantage: Easy, straightforward, convenient, and yields information about age differences
Disadvantages: assumes any changes are the result of age, cannot separate cohort effects from age effects, does not provide much explanation of how or when age-related changes may have occurred
Advantage and Disadvantage of Longitudinal Design
Advantages: observed changes are a function of time and developmental experiences
Disadvantages: takes a very long time, many participants drop out, cohort effects not controlled, expensive
What is Cohort-Sequential Design?
Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. It is designed to look at both how individuals from different age groups compare to one another and to follow them over time
What is nature?
Our genetic inheritance
What is nurture?
The environment and our experiences
what is maturation?
The unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame
What is epigenetic?
The changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence of the gene
Critical periods
A time in development when the development of an organism is extremely sensitive to environmental input, making it easier for the organism to acquire certain brain functions and behaviours
What are genes?
Basic building blocks of our biological inheritance
What is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)?
Molecules in which the genetic information is enclosed
What are chromosomes?
Strands of DNA and each human has 46 chromosomes distributed in 24 pairs
What is an allele?
A variation of gene
What is homozygous?
Both parents contribute the same genetic material for a particular trait
What is heterozygous?
Parents contribute two different alleles to offspring
What is genotype?
A person’s genetic inheritance
What is phenotype?
The way in which the genes are expressed; the observed characteristics of the genes
What is a dominant trait?
A trait that is expressed in the phenotype regardless of whether the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous
What is a recessive trait?
A trait that is expressed in the phenotype only if the genotype is homozygous
What is codominance?
A phenotype expressing both traits that are coded for by a heterozygous genotype
what is germinal period?
It is the ovulation to implantation which is from 0-2 weeks
Steps:
1) Egg leaves ovary
2) Fertilized in Fallopian tube-now called zygote
3) Makes its way to uterus for implantation and growth
What is an embryo?
3-8 weeks post-conception; all the major organs develop during this time
What is a fetus?
8-40 weeks old’ rapid growth here
What is teratogens and harm done by it depends on these factors
-Teratogen is any substance including some diseases that causes damage during the prenatal period
-These factors anew dose, timing and extent of exposure, and age of the organism(zygote, embryo, or fetus)
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) per fetal alcohol spectrum disorder(FASD)
Fetal alcohol syndrome caused by early prenatal exposure to alcohol may present serval characteristics facial features such as a short eyelid opening, a thine upper lip and a smooth philtrum( the groove between the bottom of the nose and the crease of the upper lip)
What is proximodistal?
Growth from the inside out(torso grows faster than the arms and fingers)
What is cephalocaudal?
Growth from the top down (head grows faster than the torso and feet)