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Psychology 1105 > Chapter 7-Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7-Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Associative learning?

A

A change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked

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2
Q

Non-associative learning?

A

Learning that doesn’t involve forming associations between stimuli; learning occurs following repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event

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3
Q

Habituation (non-associative learning)

A

Weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

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4
Q

Dishabituation (non-associative learning)

A

There is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habitation

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5
Q

Sensitization(non-associative learning)

A

A strong stimulus results in an aggregated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli

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6
Q

Classical conditioning( associative learning)

A

A form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response

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7
Q

Pavlov’s Dog (classical conditioning)

A

Pavlov’s experiment for collecting and measuring salivation in dogs-the hungry dog is placed in a harness and given a bowl of meat powder. A tube from the salivary gland collects the saliva, which is measured and recorded

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

A

A stimulus that on its own elicits a response (food)

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9
Q

Unconditioned response( classical conditioning)

A

A physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus’ it doesn’t need to be learned( salivation)

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

A

A neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired (bell)

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11
Q

Conditioned response( classical conditioning)

A

A physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus’ it is acquired via experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response(salivation)

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12
Q

Acquisition (classical Conditioning)

A

The initial learning of the stimulus response relationship.
-More pairing between CS and US
-Rapid acquisition followed by the strongest response is a half minute delay between Cs and US

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13
Q

Extinction (CC)

A

Reduction of a conditional response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery(CC)

A

Re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred

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15
Q

Stimulus generalization (CC)

A

What occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response

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16
Q

Stimulus discrimination (CC)

A

What occurs when an organism learns to eat a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

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17
Q

Higher-order conditioning( CC)

A

What occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.

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18
Q

Classical conditioning and fear

A

John Watson, Rosalie Rayner and Little Albert

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19
Q

Phobia

A

Persistent, irrational or obsessive fear of a specific or situation that may arise as a result of fear condition

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20
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

A process used to condition the extinction of phobias via a gradual exposure to the feared object/situation

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21
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

A form of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus( odour or taste) elicits an aversion reaction after it is paired with illness(nausea)

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22
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A form of associative learning where behaviour is modified depending on to consequences; also called instrumental conditioning

23
Q

Law in effect

A

Behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again

24
Q

Behaviourism

A

Systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour

25
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

-Organism don’t simply respond to the environment but rather they exert influence(operate) on it
-Behaviours are followed by favourable consequences will likely be repeated

26
Q

Reinforcer

A

An experience that produces an increase in a certain behaviour

27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur

28
Q

negative reinforcement

A

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur

29
Q

Punishment

A

An experience that produces a decrease in a certain behaviour

30
Q

Positive punishment

A

Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behaviour to decrease the probability of the Baha’i our being repeated

31
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated

32
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

A stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding; biological (food, water pain)

33
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

A neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer; learned (Money and grades)

34
Q

Primary punisher

A

A stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism (loud sounds, slapping, extreme temperatures)

35
Q

Secondary punisher

A

A stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher (disapproval, criticism, grade)

36
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs

37
Q

Intermittent (partial) reinforcement

A

Behaviour is only followed by reinforcement some of the time (behaviour is acquired more slow and difficult to extinguish)

38
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. High rate of responding with pauses after reinforcement

39
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable, average number of responses. High, regular rate of response

40
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs every time a fixed time has elapsed. Low rate of responding with increases as time for reinforcement approaches

41
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time. Low rate of responding as reinforcement is tied to time rather than output

42
Q

Shaping

A

Introducing new behaviour by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour until the complete behavioural sequence emerges

43
Q

Behaviour modification

A

A systematic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning

44
Q

Observational learning/social learning

A

Occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others called models

45
Q

Modelling

A

Occurs when an observer learns from the behaviour of another

46
Q

Vicarious learning

A

Occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so

47
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons fired when an animal/human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action

48
Q

Aggressive modelling

A

Bandura found children learned to abuse an inflatable clown doll by observing an adult model hit the doll

49
Q

Implicit learning

A

Refers to the acquisition of information without awareness (learning to talk)

50
Q

Spatial navigation learning

A

Involves formal associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space

51
Q

Latent learning

A

A form of learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive

52
Q

Insight learning

A

A sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts

53
Q

Timing

A

Multiple exposures separated by time facilitate learning facts

54
Q

Disorders that interferes with acquisition

A

Dyslexia: Reading disorder
Dyscalculia: mathematics disorder
Dysgraphia: disorder of written expression

Psychology 1105 (11 decks)

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