Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards by Mireille Giroux

getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes is known as ________

encoding

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______ involves retaining information over time

storage

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what do we call it when we pull information out of storage when we want to use it

retrieval

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the three component model includes what three kinds of memory

sensory
short term/working
long term

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______ memory holds incoming sensor info just long enough for it to be recognized,

sensory

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the mind as a processing system _______, ______, and ________ information

encodes, stores, and retrieves information

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sensory memory holds information just long enough for it to be recognized and is composed of two sensory registers (initial info processors)
name them

iconic store - visual sensory

echoic store (auditory sensory) 0 lasts longer than iconic

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_________ memory- holds info that we are conscious of at any given time, consciously processes, codes and works on info

short term/working

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memory code can take various forms, and stores it so it can be retained in short and long term memory. what are the forms

(hint, there are 4)

visual,
phonological (sound
semantic (meaning of stimulus)
motor

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the _____ ______ controls 3 distinct storage-rehearsal systems, visual store, verbal store and episodic buffer

central executive

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phonological group breifly stores mental representations of _______

sound

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___________ sketchpad briefly stores visual and spatial information

visuospatial skeptchpad

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_______ is a process of encoding and decoding

memory

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in ______ one spontaneously generates information

recall

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in __________ one identifies information

recognition

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is recall or recognition easier?

recognition is easier
m/c question are recognition

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the main two channels from which we acquire memory traces are _____ and ______

visual

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when you receive info, it goes through a 3 stage model of processing, what are the three stages

sensory register - very short
Short term memory - your conscious thoughts and sensations
long-term memory - recalling information comes from here

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information in your sensory register

a. lasts long
b. is there for a short time

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information in the visual sensory register is known as an ______

icon

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information in a auditory sensory register is known as an _______

echo

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material in short term memory is held there by _______

rehersal

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if you do not rehearse information in your short term memory, what happens

you lose it

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what is the meaning of short term memory having limited capacity

short term memory can only hold 7-9 items at a time

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an ______ buffer is a temporary storage space for information retrieved from your long-term memory that can be manipulated and made available to your conscious awareness

episodic

how does chunking help recall?

combining individual items into larger units to greatly help recall

remembering telephone numbers is an example of what recall tactic

chunking

repeating something to remember it is known as

maintenance rehersal

when you focus on the meaning of information or relating it to other things you've learned, what type of rehearsal are you using

elaborative rehearsal

what is the serial position effect

recall is influenced by a words position in a series of items

in the serial position effect there are 2 components. what are they

primary - reflecting the superior recall of early words recency - represensing the superior recall of the most recent words

the more deeply we process information the better it will be ___________

remembered

how can using hierarchies help us remember

organizing material so there is an association between concepts

the YMCA is an __________, which is sometimes used to remember things

acronym

the _____ _______ theory states that if we encode info by using both verbal and imagery codes the chances improve that at least one of the 2 codes will be available for recall

dual coding theory

the method of _______ uses familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of info

loci

a ________ is a mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world such as class of people, events, situations or objects, used to remember thing

schema

an _________ network is a massive massive network of associated ideas and concepts

associative network

________ is the activation of one concept by another, eg. fire truck primes the node for red

priming

forgetting is generally a process of ____ over time or a process of _______

decay interference

the coding for short term memory is _______, meaning it is coded by _______

acoustic sound

coding in long term memory is coded ________, thus is has _____

semantically meaning

which type of memory involves factual knowledge

declarative memory

what evidence do we have for short term and long term memory

in cases of brain damage - such as people who have damage in their hippocampal memory who cannot move memory from ST to LT the serial position curve

what does the serial position curve demonstrate

the primacy effects and recency effects we remember things more when they are at the beginning or end of a list

eastyn reads her grocery list, and only remebers the stuff at the end on recall, this demonstrates what

recency

what is primacy

remembering things at the beginning of a list

_______ term memory is involved in primacy _________ term memory is involved in recency

LT ST

memory is a ________ event at the synapse

biochemical

a _________ ________ is a representation of memory that describes the organization of declarative facts and knowledge in the mind. A network consists of a set of nodes and a set of edges. Each node in the network denotes a concept in semantic memory

semantic network

when eastyn hears the word green, she immediately thinks of weed, then smoke, then bong, then being zooted; this is an example of a what

semantic network

when your mood is sad when encoded, and thus comes out sad when it it recalled, this is reffered to as mood ______

congruity

_________ ________ retrieval means that if you were in the same state at recall than you were at learning, youll have a better chance at recalling it

state-dependent retieval

leanring how to ride a bike involves ________ memory

procedural

_______ memories are consciously retrieved, whilst _______ memories influence out behaviors unconsciously

explicit implicit

a ______ cue can be used to activate information stored in LT memory

retrieval cue

when you have a memory that is so vivid, it seems like a snapshot in time we call that a __________ memory

flashbulb

the encoding specificity principle states that memory is enhanced under what conditions?

when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding

________-________ memory refers to the fact that its easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was acquired

context-dependent

_________ _______ recall means that we recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood

mood congruent

with time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away this is known as

decay

__________ interference is when material that is learned in the past interferes with the recall of newer material

proactive

__________ interference is when newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall information learned earlier in time

retroactive

________ is a defence mechanism that actively keeps anxiety arousing material in the unconscious

repression

what is retrograde amnesia

memory loss for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia

what is anterograde amnesia

memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia

_________ is a condition where impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning

dementia

what is Alzheimer's disease

progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia

when someone remembers nothing from their childhood, their suffer from _________ amnesia

infantile

what are retrospective memories

memories from the past

what are prospective memories

remembering to perform an activity in the future

________ extension is when someone remembers a scene as more expansive than it really was

boundary extension

the ________ effect is the distortion of a memory by misleading post event information

misinformation

_______ confusion is the tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar but we forget where we encountered it

source confusion

what do we call the binding together of neural codes that allow information to be transferred from short term to long term memory

memory consolidation

the ability to maintain focus on a specific stimuli is known as ________ attention

sustained