Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards
getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes is known as ________
encoding
______ involves retaining information over time
storage
what do we call it when we pull information out of storage when we want to use it
retrieval
the three component model includes what three kinds of memory
sensory
short term/working
long term
______ memory holds incoming sensor info just long enough for it to be recognized,
sensory
the mind as a processing system _______, ______, and ________ information
encodes, stores, and retrieves information
sensory memory holds information just long enough for it to be recognized and is composed of two sensory registers (initial info processors)
name them
iconic store - visual sensory
echoic store (auditory sensory) 0 lasts longer than iconic
_________ memory- holds info that we are conscious of at any given time, consciously processes, codes and works on info
short term/working
memory code can take various forms, and stores it so it can be retained in short and long term memory. what are the forms
(hint, there are 4)
visual,
phonological (sound
semantic (meaning of stimulus)
motor
the _____ ______ controls 3 distinct storage-rehearsal systems, visual store, verbal store and episodic buffer
central executive
phonological group breifly stores mental representations of _______
sound
___________ sketchpad briefly stores visual and spatial information
visuospatial skeptchpad
_______ is a process of encoding and decoding
memory
in ______ one spontaneously generates information
recall
in __________ one identifies information
recognition
is recall or recognition easier?
recognition is easier
m/c question are recognition
the main two channels from which we acquire memory traces are _____ and ______
visual
when you receive info, it goes through a 3 stage model of processing, what are the three stages
sensory register - very short
Short term memory - your conscious thoughts and sensations
long-term memory - recalling information comes from here
information in your sensory register
a. lasts long
b. is there for a short time
b
information in the visual sensory register is known as an ______
icon
information in a auditory sensory register is known as an _______
echo
material in short term memory is held there by _______
rehersal
if you do not rehearse information in your short term memory, what happens
you lose it
what is the meaning of short term memory having limited capacity
short term memory can only hold 7-9 items at a time
an ______ buffer is a temporary storage space for information retrieved from your long-term memory that can be manipulated and made available to your conscious awareness
episodic
how does chunking help recall?
combining individual items into larger units to greatly help recall
remembering telephone numbers is an example of what recall tactic
chunking
repeating something to remember it is known as
maintenance rehersal
when you focus on the meaning of information or relating it to other things you’ve learned, what type of rehearsal are you using
elaborative rehearsal
what is the serial position effect
recall is influenced by a words position in a series of items
in the serial position effect there are 2 components. what are they
primary - reflecting the superior recall of early words
recency - represensing the superior recall of the most recent words
the more deeply we process information the better it will be ___________
remembered
how can using hierarchies help us remember
organizing material so there is an association between concepts
the YMCA is an __________, which is sometimes used to remember things
acronym
the _____ _______ theory states that if we encode info by using both verbal and imagery codes the chances improve that at least one of the 2 codes will be available for recall
dual coding theory
the method of _______ uses familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of info
loci
a ________ is a mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world such as class of people, events, situations or objects, used to remember thing
schema
an _________ network is a massive massive network of associated ideas and concepts
associative network
________ is the activation of one concept by another,
eg. fire truck primes the node for red
priming
forgetting is generally a process of ____ over time or a process of _______
decay
interference
the coding for short term memory is _______, meaning it is coded by _______
acoustic
sound
coding in long term memory is coded ________, thus is has _____
semantically
meaning
which type of memory involves factual knowledge
declarative memory
what evidence do we have for short term and long term memory
in cases of brain damage - such as people who have damage in their hippocampal memory who cannot move memory from ST to LT
the serial position curve
what does the serial position curve demonstrate
the primacy effects and recency effects
we remember things more when they are at the beginning or end of a list
eastyn reads her grocery list, and only remebers the stuff at the end on recall, this demonstrates what
recency
what is primacy
remembering things at the beginning of a list
_______ term memory is involved in primacy
_________ term memory is involved in recency
LT
ST
memory is a ________ event at the synapse
biochemical
a _________ ________ is a representation of memory that describes the organization of declarative facts and knowledge in the mind. A network consists of a set of nodes and a set of edges. Each node in the network denotes a concept in semantic memory
semantic network
when eastyn hears the word green, she immediately thinks of weed, then smoke, then bong, then being zooted; this is an example of a what
semantic network
when your mood is sad when encoded, and thus comes out sad when it it recalled, this is reffered to as mood ______
congruity
_________ ________ retrieval means that if you were in the same state at recall than you were at learning, youll have a better chance at recalling it
state-dependent retieval
leanring how to ride a bike involves ________ memory
procedural
_______ memories are consciously retrieved, whilst _______ memories influence out behaviors unconsciously
explicit
implicit
a ______ cue can be used to activate information stored in LT memory
retrieval cue
when you have a memory that is so vivid, it seems like a snapshot in time we call that a __________ memory
flashbulb
the encoding specificity principle states that memory is enhanced under what conditions?
when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
________-________ memory refers to the fact that its easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was acquired
context-dependent
_________ _______ recall means that we recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood
mood congruent
with time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away
this is known as
decay
__________ interference is when material that is learned in the past interferes with the recall of newer material
proactive
__________ interference is when newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall information learned earlier in time
retroactive
________ is a defence mechanism that actively keeps anxiety arousing material in the unconscious
repression
what is retrograde amnesia
memory loss for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia
what is anterograde amnesia
memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia
_________ is a condition where impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning
dementia
what is Alzheimer’s disease
progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia
when someone remembers nothing from their childhood, their suffer from _________ amnesia
infantile
what are retrospective memories
memories from the past
what are prospective memories
remembering to perform an activity in the future
________ extension is when someone remembers a scene as more expansive than it really was
boundary extension
the ________ effect is the distortion of a memory by misleading post event information
misinformation
_______ confusion is the tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar but we forget where we encountered it
source confusion
what do we call the binding together of neural codes that allow information to be transferred from short term to long term memory
memory consolidation
the ability to maintain focus on a specific stimuli is known as ________ attention
sustained
