Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes is known as ________

A

encoding

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2
Q

______ involves retaining information over time

A

storage

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3
Q

what do we call it when we pull information out of storage when we want to use it

A

retrieval

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4
Q

the three component model includes what three kinds of memory

A

sensory
short term/working
long term

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5
Q

______ memory holds incoming sensor info just long enough for it to be recognized,

A

sensory

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6
Q

the mind as a processing system _______, ______, and ________ information

A

encodes, stores, and retrieves information

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7
Q

sensory memory holds information just long enough for it to be recognized and is composed of two sensory registers (initial info processors)
name them

A

iconic store - visual sensory

echoic store (auditory sensory) 0 lasts longer than iconic

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8
Q

_________ memory- holds info that we are conscious of at any given time, consciously processes, codes and works on info

A

short term/working

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9
Q

memory code can take various forms, and stores it so it can be retained in short and long term memory. what are the forms

(hint, there are 4)

A

visual,
phonological (sound
semantic (meaning of stimulus)
motor

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10
Q

the _____ ______ controls 3 distinct storage-rehearsal systems, visual store, verbal store and episodic buffer

A

central executive

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11
Q

phonological group breifly stores mental representations of _______

A

sound

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12
Q

___________ sketchpad briefly stores visual and spatial information

A

visuospatial skeptchpad

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13
Q

_______ is a process of encoding and decoding

A

memory

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14
Q

in ______ one spontaneously generates information

A

recall

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15
Q

in __________ one identifies information

A

recognition

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16
Q

is recall or recognition easier?

A

recognition is easier
m/c question are recognition

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17
Q

the main two channels from which we acquire memory traces are _____ and ______

A

visual

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18
Q

when you receive info, it goes through a 3 stage model of processing, what are the three stages

A

sensory register - very short
Short term memory - your conscious thoughts and sensations
long-term memory - recalling information comes from here

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19
Q

information in your sensory register

a. lasts long
b. is there for a short time

A

b

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20
Q

information in the visual sensory register is known as an ______

A

icon

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21
Q

information in a auditory sensory register is known as an _______

A

echo

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22
Q

material in short term memory is held there by _______

A

rehersal

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23
Q

if you do not rehearse information in your short term memory, what happens

A

you lose it

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24
Q

what is the meaning of short term memory having limited capacity

A

short term memory can only hold 7-9 items at a time

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25
Q

an ______ buffer is a temporary storage space for information retrieved from your long-term memory that can be manipulated and made available to your conscious awareness

A

episodic

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26
Q

how does chunking help recall?

A

combining individual items into larger units to greatly help recall

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27
Q

remembering telephone numbers is an example of what recall tactic

A

chunking

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28
Q

repeating something to remember it is known as

A

maintenance rehersal

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29
Q

when you focus on the meaning of information or relating it to other things you’ve learned, what type of rehearsal are you using

A

elaborative rehearsal

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30
Q

what is the serial position effect

A

recall is influenced by a words position in a series of items

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31
Q

in the serial position effect there are 2 components. what are they

A

primary - reflecting the superior recall of early words

recency - represensing the superior recall of the most recent words

32
Q

the more deeply we process information the better it will be ___________

A

remembered

33
Q

how can using hierarchies help us remember

A

organizing material so there is an association between concepts

34
Q

the YMCA is an __________, which is sometimes used to remember things

A

acronym

35
Q

the _____ _______ theory states that if we encode info by using both verbal and imagery codes the chances improve that at least one of the 2 codes will be available for recall

A

dual coding theory

36
Q

the method of _______ uses familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of info

A

loci

37
Q

a ________ is a mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world such as class of people, events, situations or objects, used to remember thing

A

schema

38
Q

an _________ network is a massive massive network of associated ideas and concepts

A

associative network

39
Q

________ is the activation of one concept by another,

eg. fire truck primes the node for red

A

priming

40
Q

forgetting is generally a process of ____ over time or a process of _______

A

decay

interference

41
Q

the coding for short term memory is _______, meaning it is coded by _______

A

acoustic

sound

42
Q

coding in long term memory is coded ________, thus is has _____

A

semantically

meaning

43
Q

which type of memory involves factual knowledge

A

declarative memory

44
Q

what evidence do we have for short term and long term memory

A

in cases of brain damage - such as people who have damage in their hippocampal memory who cannot move memory from ST to LT

the serial position curve

45
Q

what does the serial position curve demonstrate

A

the primacy effects and recency effects

we remember things more when they are at the beginning or end of a list

46
Q

eastyn reads her grocery list, and only remebers the stuff at the end on recall, this demonstrates what

A

recency

47
Q

what is primacy

A

remembering things at the beginning of a list

48
Q

_______ term memory is involved in primacy

_________ term memory is involved in recency

A

LT

ST

49
Q

memory is a ________ event at the synapse

A

biochemical

50
Q

a _________ ________ is a representation of memory that describes the organization of declarative facts and knowledge in the mind. A network consists of a set of nodes and a set of edges. Each node in the network denotes a concept in semantic memory

A

semantic network

51
Q

when eastyn hears the word green, she immediately thinks of weed, then smoke, then bong, then being zooted; this is an example of a what

A

semantic network

52
Q

when your mood is sad when encoded, and thus comes out sad when it it recalled, this is reffered to as mood ______

A

congruity

53
Q

_________ ________ retrieval means that if you were in the same state at recall than you were at learning, youll have a better chance at recalling it

A

state-dependent retieval

54
Q

leanring how to ride a bike involves ________ memory

A

procedural

55
Q

_______ memories are consciously retrieved, whilst _______ memories influence out behaviors unconsciously

A

explicit

implicit

56
Q

a ______ cue can be used to activate information stored in LT memory

A

retrieval cue

57
Q

when you have a memory that is so vivid, it seems like a snapshot in time we call that a __________ memory

A

flashbulb

58
Q

the encoding specificity principle states that memory is enhanced under what conditions?

A

when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding

59
Q

________-________ memory refers to the fact that its easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was acquired

A

context-dependent

60
Q

_________ _______ recall means that we recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood

A

mood congruent

61
Q

with time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away

this is known as

A

decay

62
Q

__________ interference is when material that is learned in the past interferes with the recall of newer material

A

proactive

63
Q

__________ interference is when newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall information learned earlier in time

A

retroactive

64
Q

________ is a defence mechanism that actively keeps anxiety arousing material in the unconscious

A

repression

65
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia

66
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia

67
Q

_________ is a condition where impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning

A

dementia

68
Q

what is Alzheimer’s disease

A

progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia

69
Q

when someone remembers nothing from their childhood, their suffer from _________ amnesia

A

infantile

70
Q

what are retrospective memories

A

memories from the past

71
Q

what are prospective memories

A

remembering to perform an activity in the future

72
Q

________ extension is when someone remembers a scene as more expansive than it really was

A

boundary extension

73
Q

the ________ effect is the distortion of a memory by misleading post event information

A

misinformation

74
Q

_______ confusion is the tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar but we forget where we encountered it

A

source confusion

75
Q

what do we call the binding together of neural codes that allow information to be transferred from short term to long term memory

A

memory consolidation

76
Q

the ability to maintain focus on a specific stimuli is known as ________ attention

A

sustained