Chapter 1 - Science of Behaviour Flashcards
Define Psychology
The Scientific study of the mind and behavior
Define Behavior
Directly observed actions and responses
Define the mind
intellectual states and processes (thoughts, feelings) inferred form observed, measurable responses
What is clinical psychology
study and treatment of mental disorders
what is cognitive psychology
study of mental processes; mind as an informational processor
what is neuroscience/biological psychology
biological reasons for behavior (genes, evolution, brain processes, hormones)
what is developmental psychology
follows the physical, psychological, and social development throughout one’s life
what is experimental psychology
deals with experiments, learning, sensory systems and perception
what is industrial organizational psych
deal with workplace workplace behavior, leadership, teamwork and motivation
what is personality psychology
how personality traits relate to behavior; focus on measurement of personality (tests)
what is social psychology
influences people have on each other and how they view each other (relationships)
Name the 4 goals of psychology
DESCRIBE how ppl and other animals behave
EXPLAIN and understand causes of behavior
PREDICT behavior
INFLUENCE/CONTROL human behavior in order to enhance human welfare
what’s the difference between basic and applied research
Basic - knowledge for its own sake
applied- solve specific practical problems
what’s the mind-body problem
is the mind a spiritual entity separate from the body or is it a a part of the physical body?
what is mind-body dualism
the belief that the mind is a spiritual entity, not physical
what is dualism and who said what abt it
dualism holds that no research on the physical body could make sense of the mysteries of the non-physical mind
Rene decartes; -mind and body interact thru the brain’s tiny pinneal gland
what is monoism and who said what abt it
the mind and body are one
Thomas Hobbes; mental events correspond with physical events in brain
what is british empiricism
all knowledge and behaviour is acquired through experience (empirically); humans are born as a blank slate
what is psychophysics
psychological experiences sensations depend on characteristics of physical stimuli
what did charles darwin’s theory of evolution propose regarding the mind ?
the mind it not a spiritual entity, rather a product of biological continuity
what is structuralism and functionalism? compare
structuralism; the mind in terms of basic elements, structures of consciousness
functionalism; functions of consciousness - influenced by darwin it proposed that experience molds behav
- wanted to describe the adaptive (evolutionairy) function of the mind
what did william james do
a functionalist
influenced by darwins theory of evolution
wrote the first textbook
whats the psychodynamic perspective and who said what about it
searches for causes of behavior in personality
Freud;
- introduced the unconscious
- used free association
what is the behavioral perspective
sees behav as jointly determined by previous exp and immediate sitmuli
what is the law of effect (in the behavioural perspective) and who coined it
responses followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to reoccur
Edward thorndike
What is behaviourism?
Who is the Father of Beahiourism?
all behaviours are learned from inerracting with environment
- emphesizes the study of overt, observable behaviours
john b watson
what is cognitive behaviourism,
who coined it
learning exp and env affect out behav by giving us the info we need to behave accordingly
Albert Bandura
what is the humanist perspective
each of us have inborn forces towards self actualization ; when humans have a supportive env their positive inner nature emerges
what is the cognitive perspective
examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behav; humans are informational processors governed by thought
what did gestralt psych try to find?
how the mind organizes elements into a whole perception; brought light to perception and problem solving
what is the modern cognitive perspective
study of mental processes by which ppl reason, make decisions, solve problems, form perception and produce/understand launguage
what is cognitive neuroscience
using brain imaging to examine brain activity while ppl perform cognitive tasks; how we learn language, knowledge, form memories etc
what is the sociocultural perspective
how the social environment and cultural learning influences behav, thoughts and feelings
what is the biological perspective
hoe brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior
what did Karl Lashey do
made lesions in brain and observed how it affected learning and memory; inspired the mapping of brain regions
What did Donald o hebb propose
he proposed that changes in connections between nerve cells provide biological basis for learning, memory and perceptions - lead to the discovery of neurotransmitters
what is nativism
the perspective that you were born with inborn skills; child prodigies
who was william wundt
founder of modern psychology, made first lab
who is BF Skinner
a behaviorist who coined operant conditioning; that learning is controlled by wether the consequences are pos or ned
what did jean piaget do
suggested that kids dont think the same; coined stages of cognitive developement
guess who
- philosopher and mathematician
- discovered the reflex arc
- believed in dualism (the mind works like a machine)
rene descartes
guess who
- physicist and mathematician
- “sensations can be measured”
- father of psychophysics
gustav fechner
guess who
- father of modern psychology
- first psych lab
- father of stucturalism
wilhelm wundt
guess who
- disputed being the first to set up a psych lab
- psychologist at Harvard
- published first psychology textbook
william james
guess who
- trained by william james
- first woman allowed to study at harvard medical school (but denied an actual degree)
mary calkins
guess who
- medical doctor
- believed that psychical disorders could have a psychological base
sigmund freud
guess who
- studied under freud
- broke ranks with freud of disagreements about sexual personality
- believed in the collective unconscious
carl jung
guess who
- humanist approach
- reacting against freud
- the self and unconditional positive regard
- develops the Rogerian therapy
- believes that clients strive for personal goals
carl rogers
guess who
- Nobel prize for work on salivation
- discovers that associations drive learning
- classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
guess who
- behaviorist
- operant conditioning
- important association between the stimulus presented and your response
- learning is controlled by consequences
BF Skinner
guess who
- studied under Binet
- stages that children do not think like adults
- stages of cognitive development
jean pieget
guess who
- biology of learning and memory
- searched for the “engram” (single location for memory) and discovered there was not a single location for memory
- came to believe that memory is distributed throughout cortex
- used technique of lesioning (destroying specific brain tissue)
karl lashey
guess who
- examines the function of cortex through direct stimulation
- maps cortical function in humans
wilder Penfield
guess who
- gestalt psychology
- studied problem solving
- learning can occur through insight
wolfgang kohler
guess who
- gestalt psychologist and social psychologist
- behavior always occurs in social contextual environment, a field with many forces directed toward the individual
- mentors many famous psychologists
kurt levin
a _______ psychologist is interested in psychological disorders and their treatment
clinical
a _______ psychologists are not interested in abnormal behavior, rather talking to normal people with normal lives.
counselling
a _______ psychologist are interested in how mental processes change throughout the course of one’s lifetime
developmental
dr.mike is a _______ psychologist
education
a _______ psychologist perform experiments
experimental
a _______ psychologist are interested in how psychological principles apply in the world of business setting
Industrial organizational
a _______ psychologist are interested in both the development of personality and the measurement
they do things like creating personality tests
personality
a _______ psychologist works primality in the school setting
school
a _______ psychologist are interesting in “normal behavior” and why people do things they do in every day life
social
