Chapter 7 - Learning and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

what do you call a decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus

A

habituation

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2
Q

_________ is an increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

A

sensitization

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3
Q

_______ conditioning entails 2 stimuli becoming associated with each other

A

classical conditioning

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4
Q

we learn to associate our responses with specific consequences, this is associated with which basic learning process

A

operant conditioning

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5
Q

when eastyn was a child she was bitten by a goose, now, every time she walks by a goose on campus she is scared.

what basic learning process does this reflect?

A

classical conditioning/associative learning

she associates the dog with fear of being bitten

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6
Q

eastyn gives her boyfriend a reward ;) every time he gives her flowers

she is using

A

operant conditioning

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7
Q

_________ stimulus elicits a particular reflexive or innate response to a unconditioned responses without prior learning

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

______ involves retaining information over time

A

storage

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9
Q

when someone “pulls information out of storage”, we refer to this as retrieval

A

retrieval

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10
Q

what is habituations adaptive significance

A

If an organism responded to every stimulus in its environment, it would rapidly become overwhelmed and exhausted.

By learning not to respond to uneventful familiar stimuli, organisms conserve energy and can attend to other stimuli that are important.

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11
Q

__________ increases an organism’s response to potentially dangerous stimuli

A

sensitization

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12
Q

eastyn is expecting a call from her plug, she is anxious to receive it. when she hears it, she it more responsive because she was expecting it.

what is this an example of

A

sensitization

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13
Q

everytime eastyn tokes, she plays “rebel’s kick it” by YB. now every time this song plays she associates it will smoking.

this is an example of ______ _______

A

classical conditioning

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14
Q

offering praise when someone does something positive is an example of _________ ________

A

operant conditioning

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15
Q

_________ focuses on the function of behavior, such as their adaptive significances and fixed action patterns

A

ethnology

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16
Q

what are the two fundamental ways in which environment shapes behavior

A

personal adaptation - behavior is influenced by immediate environment and by capabilities that have been acquired through experience

species adaptation - genetically based features that enhance a species’ ability to adapt to the environment are more likely to be passed on to future generations

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17
Q

what is the purpose of sensitization

A

to increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus

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18
Q

what is the purpose of habituation

A

allows organisms to conserve energy by not responding to every single stimulus in their environment

serves as a key adaptive function

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19
Q

explain how Pavlov discovered classical conditioning

A

discovered that when a stimulus is associated with food, dogs will learn to associate the stimulus with food, and will salivate

Figured that if salivation could be conditioned, so might other bodily processes.

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20
Q

during classical conditioning ______ refers to the period during which as response is being learned

A

acquisition

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21
Q

what is the unconditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned response

A

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response

the response itself, it the unconditioned response

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22
Q

what is the conditioned stimulus and what is the conditioned response

A

A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.

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23
Q

in pavlovs experiment name the following

unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

A

unconditioned stimulus - food
unconditioned response - salivation
conditioned stimulus - the tone of the bell
conditioned response - salivation

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24
Q

Learning usually occurs most quickly with________ _______-______ pairing: The CS (tone) appears first and is still present when the UCS (food) appears.

A

forward short delay pairing

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25
what do we call it when a CR is weakened and eventually disappears by the presentation of the CS without the UCS
extinction
26
________ ________ refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed following extinction
spontaneous recovery
27
when a CR occurs to stimuli other than the original CS, based on the similarity of these two stimulus' we call this stimulus ____________
generalization
28
when a CR occurs to one stimulus but not to the other stimulus, we call this _________
discrimination
29
________ ______ conditions is when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS
higher order conditioning
30
label the following: ________ ______ pairing: the CS appears before the UCS ________ pairing: the CS appears at the same time as the UCS ________ pairing: the CS appears after the UCS
forward trace pairing: the CS appears before the UCS simultaneous pairing: the CS appears at the same time as the UCS backward pairing: the CS appears after the UCS
31
list the following from fastest to slowest in conditioning - simultaneous pairing - forward trace pairing - backward pairing
1. forward trace pairing 2. simultaneous pairing 3. backward pairing
32
the controlled response from spontaneous recovery is usually _______
weaker
33
most fears are ________
conditioned
34
exposure therapy's basic goal is to expose the patient to the feared stimulus without any __________ stimulus allowing _______ to occur
without any uncontrolled stimulus allowing extinction to occur
35
when a patient learns relaxation techniques and then is gradually exposed to the fear provoking stimulus they are enduring __________ __________
systematic desensitization
36
immediately exposing a patient to their feared stimulus is known as ________
flooding
37
__________ therapy attempts to condition an aversion (repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a harmful (noxious) UCS
aversion therapy
38
an alcoholic is given a drug to make them nauseous every time they smell alcohol, what type of they are they undergoing
aversion therapy
39
__________ conditioning is when a behavior is modified by its consequences such as by reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
operant conditioning
40
operant conditioning focuses on __________ whilst classical conditioning focuses on ________
operant - consequences classical - association
41
when a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it, we refer to it was __________. this usually occurs in operant conditioning
reinforcement
42
_________ is when a response is weakened by an outcome that follows it
punishment
43
Explain the process of higher-order conditioning.
A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS. Higher-order conditioning greatly expands the influence of conditioned stimuli and can affect what we come to value, like, fear, or dislike.
44
How does classical conditioning explain fear acquisition?
The behaviourist view is that certain stimuli become a fear-triggering CS for some people because of pairing with an aversive UCS (such as injury) and stimulus generalization.
45
distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement- a response if strengthened by a subsequent presentation of a positive stimulus Negative reinforcement- a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus
46
giving a dog a treat when they preform a trick is an example of ________ reinforcement
positive
47
every time eastyn gets an answer right on her stats practice exam, she removes one chore from her to do list this is an example of __________ reinforcement
negative
48
_________ extinction is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced
operant extinction
49
_________ punishment is when a response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
positive punishment
50
removing a stimulus to weaken a response is an example of ________ punishment
negative punishment
51
spanking a child when he misbehaves is an example of ________ punishment
positive punishment - because you are adding something unpleasant
52
taking away a toy from a child when they misbehave is an example of ________ punishment
negative, because something is being taken away
53
stimuli such as food and water that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because it satisfies biological needs are know as _________ reinforcers
primary
54
stimulus that acquires qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (such as food) are known as ________ reinforcers
secondary
55
money is a _______ reinforcer, because it allows you to buy food which is a ________ reinforcer
money is a secondary reinforcer food is a primary reinforcer
56
________ of _______ is the ability to forego an immediate smaller reward in delayed satisfying outcome
delay of gratification
57
reinforcing successive milestones in hopes of a final response is know as ___________
shaping
58
An example of ________ is when a baby or a toddler learns to walk. They are reinforced for crawling, then standing, then taking one step, then taking a few steps, and finally for walking.
shaping
59
__________ is a procedure used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with an opportunity to perform the next response
chaining
60
_________ breaks a task down into small steps and then teaches each step within the sequence by itself.
chaining
61
A child learning to wash his/her hands independently may start with learning to turn on the faucet. Once this initial skill is learned, the next step may be getting his/her hands, etc. this is an example of ________
chaining
62
when an operant response occurs to a new stimulus or situation that is similar to the original we call it operant ___________
generalization
63
a child touching one hot stove burner, and then knowing to avoid every other hot stove burner from there on is an example of what?
operant generalization
64
when operant response will occur to one previous stimulus but not to another we call that _________ _____
operant discrimination
65
if i child will only steal a cookie out of the cookie jar when her parents are absent, what is the discriminative stimuli in this situation
the parent's absence or presence Operant discrimination- operant response will occur to one previous stimulus but not to another
66
different patterns and frequencies of reinforcements are referred to as _______ of reinforcement
schedules
67
what do you call the schedule of reinforcement in which every response of a particular type is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
68
what do you call the schedule of reinforcement in which only some responses are reinforced
partial reinforcement
69
_________ schedules are based on a certain percentage of reinforced responses
ratio
70
a _____ ratio schedule is one in which reinforcement is given after a fixed numbed of responses (eg. food after three pulls of a lever)
fixed ratio schedule
71
a ______ ratio schedule is on in which reinforcement is given after a variable number of correct responses, all centered around as average (eg. slot machine pays on average every 20 pulls)
variable schedule ratio
72
_____ schedules are based on a certain amount of time elapsing between reinforcements
interval
73
a ______ interval schedule is on in which the first correct response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced (eg, food only on first pull of lever every 20 mins)
fixed
74
a ________ interval schedule is one in which reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval (eg.quizzes about every 2 weeks)
variable
75
differentiate between interval schedules and ratio schedules
ratio schedules deal with percentages interval schedules deal with time
76
_______ conditioning is a form of learning in which the organism learns to perform a behavior in order to escape from an aversive stimulus
escape conditioning
77
________ conditioning is a form of learning in which the organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus
avoidance conditioning
78
operant conditioning is combined with science data to solve individual and societal problems in _______ ______ analysis
applied behavior analysis
79
__________ means that through evolution animals are biologically prewired to easily learn behaviors related to survival as a species,
preparedness
80
pairing the smell and taste of food (cs) with a toxin (UCS) can produce a CR called __________ _______ ________
conditioned taste aversion
81
when a conditioned response drifts back toward indistinctive behavior we call it an _________ _______
indistinctive drift
82
sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem is know was what?
insight
83
the mental representation of the spatial layout of an area is called a ________ map
cognitive
84
learning that occurs but it not demonstrated until there is an incentive to person is _______ learning
latent learning
85
learning that occurs by observing the behavior of a model is known as ________ learning
observational
86
the _______ ________ theory emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes and self regulation
social cognitive theory
87
behaviorism focuses on stimulus and __________
response
88
the CR e happens whenever the ____ is present
CS
89
in instrumental conditioning, we try to replace the _______ response with a ______ response
dominant target
90
positive reinforcement ________ the response strength
increases
91
positive reinforcement _________ something, negative reinforcement _______ _______ something
positive - gives negative - takes away
92
positive punishment _____ you a punishment, negative punishment takes away a _______
positive - gives you punishment negative - takes away a reward
93
who came up with the notion of operant
BF Skinner