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PSYCH 1002 - Psych as a Natural Science > Chapter 7 - Learning and Adaptation > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Learning and Adaptation Flashcards

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1
Q

what do you call a decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus

A

habituation

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2
Q

_________ is an increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

A

sensitization

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3
Q

_______ conditioning entails 2 stimuli becoming associated with each other

A

classical conditioning

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4
Q

we learn to associate our responses with specific consequences, this is associated with which basic learning process

A

operant conditioning

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5
Q

when eastyn was a child she was bitten by a goose, now, every time she walks by a goose on campus she is scared.

what basic learning process does this reflect?

A

classical conditioning/associative learning

she associates the dog with fear of being bitten

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6
Q

eastyn gives her boyfriend a reward ;) every time he gives her flowers

she is using

A

operant conditioning

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7
Q

_________ stimulus elicits a particular reflexive or innate response to a unconditioned responses without prior learning

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

______ involves retaining information over time

A

storage

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9
Q

when someone “pulls information out of storage”, we refer to this as retrieval

A

retrieval

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10
Q

what is habituations adaptive significance

A

If an organism responded to every stimulus in its environment, it would rapidly become overwhelmed and exhausted.

By learning not to respond to uneventful familiar stimuli, organisms conserve energy and can attend to other stimuli that are important.

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11
Q

__________ increases an organism’s response to potentially dangerous stimuli

A

sensitization

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12
Q

eastyn is expecting a call from her plug, she is anxious to receive it. when she hears it, she it more responsive because she was expecting it.

what is this an example of

A

sensitization

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13
Q

everytime eastyn tokes, she plays “rebel’s kick it” by YB. now every time this song plays she associates it will smoking.

this is an example of ______ _______

A

classical conditioning

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14
Q

offering praise when someone does something positive is an example of _________ ________

A

operant conditioning

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15
Q

_________ focuses on the function of behavior, such as their adaptive significances and fixed action patterns

A

ethnology

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16
Q

what are the two fundamental ways in which environment shapes behavior

A

personal adaptation - behavior is influenced by immediate environment and by capabilities that have been acquired through experience

species adaptation - genetically based features that enhance a species’ ability to adapt to the environment are more likely to be passed on to future generations

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17
Q

what is the purpose of sensitization

A

to increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus

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18
Q

what is the purpose of habituation

A

allows organisms to conserve energy by not responding to every single stimulus in their environment

serves as a key adaptive function

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19
Q

explain how Pavlov discovered classical conditioning

A

discovered that when a stimulus is associated with food, dogs will learn to associate the stimulus with food, and will salivate

Figured that if salivation could be conditioned, so might other bodily processes.

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20
Q

during classical conditioning ______ refers to the period during which as response is being learned

A

acquisition

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21
Q

what is the unconditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned response

A

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response

the response itself, it the unconditioned response

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22
Q

what is the conditioned stimulus and what is the conditioned response

A

A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.

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23
Q

in pavlovs experiment name the following

unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

A

unconditioned stimulus - food
unconditioned response - salivation
conditioned stimulus - the tone of the bell
conditioned response - salivation

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24
Q

Learning usually occurs most quickly with________ _______-______ pairing: The CS (tone) appears first and is still present when the UCS (food) appears.

A

forward short delay pairing

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25
Q

what do we call it when a CR is weakened and eventually disappears by the presentation of the CS without the UCS

A

extinction

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26
Q

________ ________ refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed following extinction

A

spontaneous recovery

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27
Q

when a CR occurs to stimuli other than the original CS, based on the similarity of these two stimulus’ we call this stimulus ____________

A

generalization

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28
Q

when a CR occurs to one stimulus but not to the other stimulus, we call this _________

A

discrimination

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29
Q

________ ______ conditions is when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS

A

higher order conditioning

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30
Q

label the following:

________ ______ pairing: the CS appears before the UCS

________ pairing: the CS appears at the same time as the UCS

________ pairing: the CS appears after the UCS

A

forward trace pairing: the CS appears before the UCS

simultaneous pairing: the CS appears at the same time as the UCS

backward pairing: the CS appears after the UCS

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31
Q

list the following from fastest to slowest in conditioning

  • simultaneous pairing
  • forward trace pairing
  • backward pairing
A
  1. forward trace pairing
  2. simultaneous pairing
  3. backward pairing
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32
Q

the controlled response from spontaneous recovery is usually _______

A

weaker

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33
Q

most fears are ________

A

conditioned

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34
Q

exposure therapy’s basic goal is to expose the patient to the feared stimulus without any __________ stimulus allowing _______ to occur

A

without any uncontrolled stimulus allowing extinction to occur

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35
Q

when a patient learns relaxation techniques and then is gradually exposed to the fear provoking stimulus they are enduring __________ __________

A

systematic desensitization

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36
Q

immediately exposing a patient to their feared stimulus is known as ________

A

flooding

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37
Q

__________ therapy attempts to condition an aversion (repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a harmful (noxious) UCS

A

aversion therapy

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38
Q

an alcoholic is given a drug to make them nauseous every time they smell alcohol, what type of they are they undergoing

A

aversion therapy

39
Q

__________ conditioning is when a behavior is modified by its consequences such as by reinforcement, punishment, and extinction

A

operant conditioning

40
Q

operant conditioning focuses on __________

whilst classical conditioning focuses on ________

A

operant - consequences

classical - association

41
Q

when a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it, we refer to it was __________. this usually occurs in operant conditioning

A

reinforcement

42
Q

_________ is when a response is weakened by an outcome that follows it

A

punishment

43
Q

Explain the process of higher-order conditioning.

A

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS. Higher-order conditioning greatly expands the influence of conditioned stimuli and can affect what we come to value, like, fear, or dislike.

44
Q

How does classical conditioning explain fear acquisition?

A

The behaviourist view is that certain stimuli become a fear-triggering CS for some people because of pairing with an aversive UCS (such as injury) and stimulus generalization.

45
Q

distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement- a response if strengthened by a subsequent presentation of a positive stimulus

Negative reinforcement- a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus

46
Q

giving a dog a treat when they preform a trick is an example of ________ reinforcement

A

positive

47
Q

every time eastyn gets an answer right on her stats practice exam, she removes one chore from her to do list

this is an example of __________ reinforcement

A

negative

48
Q

_________ extinction is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

A

operant extinction

49
Q

_________ punishment is when a response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

A

positive punishment

50
Q

removing a stimulus to weaken a response is an example of ________ punishment

A

negative punishment

51
Q

spanking a child when he misbehaves is an example of ________ punishment

A

positive punishment - because you are adding something unpleasant

52
Q

taking away a toy from a child when they misbehave is an example of ________ punishment

A

negative, because something is being taken away

53
Q

stimuli such as food and water that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because it satisfies biological needs are know as _________ reinforcers

A

primary

54
Q

stimulus that acquires qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (such as food) are known as ________ reinforcers

A

secondary

55
Q

money is a _______ reinforcer, because it allows you to buy food which is a ________ reinforcer

A

money is a secondary reinforcer

food is a primary reinforcer

56
Q

________ of _______ is the ability to forego an immediate smaller reward in delayed satisfying outcome

A

delay of gratification

57
Q

reinforcing successive milestones in hopes of a final response is know as ___________

A

shaping

58
Q

An example of ________ is when a baby or a toddler learns to walk. They are reinforced for crawling, then standing, then taking one step, then taking a few steps, and finally for walking.

A

shaping

59
Q

__________ is a procedure used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with an opportunity to perform the next response

A

chaining

60
Q

_________ breaks a task down into small steps and then teaches each step within the sequence by itself.

A

chaining

61
Q

A child learning to wash his/her hands independently may start with learning to turn on the faucet. Once this initial skill is learned, the next step may be getting his/her hands, etc.

this is an example of ________

A

chaining

62
Q

when an operant response occurs to a new stimulus or situation that is similar to the original we call it operant ___________

A

generalization

63
Q

a child touching one hot stove burner, and then knowing to avoid every other hot stove burner from there on is an example of what?

A

operant generalization

64
Q

when operant response will occur to one previous stimulus but not to another we call that _________ _____

A

operant discrimination

65
Q

if i child will only steal a cookie out of the cookie jar when her parents are absent, what is the discriminative stimuli in this situation

A

the parent’s absence or presence

Operant discrimination- operant response will occur to one previous stimulus but not to another

66
Q

different patterns and frequencies of reinforcements are referred to as _______ of reinforcement

A

schedules

67
Q

what do you call the schedule of reinforcement in which every response of a particular type is reinforced

A

continuous reinforcement

68
Q

what do you call the schedule of reinforcement in which only some responses are reinforced

A

partial reinforcement

69
Q

_________ schedules are based on a certain percentage of reinforced responses

A

ratio

70
Q

a _____ ratio schedule is one in which reinforcement is given after a fixed numbed of responses (eg. food after three pulls of a lever)

A

fixed ratio schedule

71
Q

a ______ ratio schedule is on in which reinforcement is given after a variable number of correct responses, all centered around as average (eg. slot machine pays on average every 20 pulls)

A

variable schedule ratio

72
Q

_____ schedules are based on a certain amount of time elapsing between reinforcements

A

interval

73
Q

a ______ interval schedule is on in which the first correct response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced (eg, food only on first pull of lever every 20 mins)

A

fixed

74
Q

a ________ interval schedule is one in which reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval (eg.quizzes about every 2 weeks)

A

variable

75
Q

differentiate between interval schedules and ratio schedules

A

ratio schedules deal with percentages

interval schedules deal with time

76
Q

_______ conditioning is a form of learning in which the organism learns to perform a behavior in order to escape from an aversive stimulus

A

escape conditioning

77
Q

________ conditioning is a form of learning in which the organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus

A

avoidance conditioning

78
Q

operant conditioning is combined with science data to solve individual and societal problems in _______ ______ analysis

A

applied behavior analysis

79
Q

__________ means that through evolution animals are biologically prewired to easily learn behaviors related to survival as a species,

A

preparedness

80
Q

pairing the smell and taste of food (cs) with a toxin (UCS) can produce a CR called __________ _______ ________

A

conditioned taste aversion

81
Q

when a conditioned response drifts back toward indistinctive behavior we call it an _________ _______

A

indistinctive drift

82
Q

sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem is know was what?

A

insight

83
Q

the mental representation of the spatial layout of an area is called a ________ map

A

cognitive

84
Q

learning that occurs but it not demonstrated until there is an incentive to person is _______ learning

A

latent learning

85
Q

learning that occurs by observing the behavior of a model is known as ________ learning

A

observational

86
Q

the _______ ________ theory emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes and self regulation

A

social cognitive theory

87
Q

behaviorism focuses on stimulus and __________

A

response

88
Q

the CR e happens whenever the ____ is present

A

CS

89
Q

in instrumental conditioning, we try to replace the _______ response with a ______ response

A

dominant

target

90
Q

positive reinforcement ________ the response strength

A

increases

91
Q

positive reinforcement _________ something, negative reinforcement _______ _______ something

A

positive - gives

negative - takes away

92
Q

positive punishment _____ you a punishment, negative punishment takes away a _______

A

positive - gives you punishment
negative - takes away a reward

93
Q

who came up with the notion of operant

A

BF Skinner

PSYCH 1002 - Psych as a Natural Science (8 decks)

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