Chapter 7 - Learning and Adaptation Flashcards
what do you call a decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus
habituation
_________ is an increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
sensitization
_______ conditioning entails 2 stimuli becoming associated with each other
classical conditioning
we learn to associate our responses with specific consequences, this is associated with which basic learning process
operant conditioning
when eastyn was a child she was bitten by a goose, now, every time she walks by a goose on campus she is scared.
what basic learning process does this reflect?
classical conditioning/associative learning
she associates the dog with fear of being bitten
eastyn gives her boyfriend a reward ;) every time he gives her flowers
she is using
operant conditioning
_________ stimulus elicits a particular reflexive or innate response to a unconditioned responses without prior learning
Unconditioned stimulus
______ involves retaining information over time
storage
when someone “pulls information out of storage”, we refer to this as retrieval
retrieval
what is habituations adaptive significance
If an organism responded to every stimulus in its environment, it would rapidly become overwhelmed and exhausted.
By learning not to respond to uneventful familiar stimuli, organisms conserve energy and can attend to other stimuli that are important.
__________ increases an organism’s response to potentially dangerous stimuli
sensitization
eastyn is expecting a call from her plug, she is anxious to receive it. when she hears it, she it more responsive because she was expecting it.
what is this an example of
sensitization
everytime eastyn tokes, she plays “rebel’s kick it” by YB. now every time this song plays she associates it will smoking.
this is an example of ______ _______
classical conditioning
offering praise when someone does something positive is an example of _________ ________
operant conditioning
_________ focuses on the function of behavior, such as their adaptive significances and fixed action patterns
ethnology
what are the two fundamental ways in which environment shapes behavior
personal adaptation - behavior is influenced by immediate environment and by capabilities that have been acquired through experience
species adaptation - genetically based features that enhance a species’ ability to adapt to the environment are more likely to be passed on to future generations
what is the purpose of sensitization
to increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus
what is the purpose of habituation
allows organisms to conserve energy by not responding to every single stimulus in their environment
serves as a key adaptive function
explain how Pavlov discovered classical conditioning
discovered that when a stimulus is associated with food, dogs will learn to associate the stimulus with food, and will salivate
Figured that if salivation could be conditioned, so might other bodily processes.
during classical conditioning ______ refers to the period during which as response is being learned
acquisition
what is the unconditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned response
An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response
the response itself, it the unconditioned response
what is the conditioned stimulus and what is the conditioned response
A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.
in pavlovs experiment name the following
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus - food
unconditioned response - salivation
conditioned stimulus - the tone of the bell
conditioned response - salivation
Learning usually occurs most quickly with________ _______-______ pairing: The CS (tone) appears first and is still present when the UCS (food) appears.
forward short delay pairing
what do we call it when a CR is weakened and eventually disappears by the presentation of the CS without the UCS
extinction
________ ________ refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed following extinction
spontaneous recovery
when a CR occurs to stimuli other than the original CS, based on the similarity of these two stimulus’ we call this stimulus ____________
generalization
when a CR occurs to one stimulus but not to the other stimulus, we call this _________
discrimination
________ ______ conditions is when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS
higher order conditioning
label the following:
________ ______ pairing: the CS appears before the UCS
________ pairing: the CS appears at the same time as the UCS
________ pairing: the CS appears after the UCS
forward trace pairing: the CS appears before the UCS
simultaneous pairing: the CS appears at the same time as the UCS
backward pairing: the CS appears after the UCS
list the following from fastest to slowest in conditioning
- simultaneous pairing
- forward trace pairing
- backward pairing
- forward trace pairing
- simultaneous pairing
- backward pairing
the controlled response from spontaneous recovery is usually _______
weaker
most fears are ________
conditioned
exposure therapy’s basic goal is to expose the patient to the feared stimulus without any __________ stimulus allowing _______ to occur
without any uncontrolled stimulus allowing extinction to occur
when a patient learns relaxation techniques and then is gradually exposed to the fear provoking stimulus they are enduring __________ __________
systematic desensitization
immediately exposing a patient to their feared stimulus is known as ________
flooding
__________ therapy attempts to condition an aversion (repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a harmful (noxious) UCS
aversion therapy
an alcoholic is given a drug to make them nauseous every time they smell alcohol, what type of they are they undergoing
aversion therapy
__________ conditioning is when a behavior is modified by its consequences such as by reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
operant conditioning
operant conditioning focuses on __________
whilst classical conditioning focuses on ________
operant - consequences
classical - association
when a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it, we refer to it was __________. this usually occurs in operant conditioning
reinforcement
_________ is when a response is weakened by an outcome that follows it
punishment
Explain the process of higher-order conditioning.
A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS. Higher-order conditioning greatly expands the influence of conditioned stimuli and can affect what we come to value, like, fear, or dislike.
How does classical conditioning explain fear acquisition?
The behaviourist view is that certain stimuli become a fear-triggering CS for some people because of pairing with an aversive UCS (such as injury) and stimulus generalization.
distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement- a response if strengthened by a subsequent presentation of a positive stimulus
Negative reinforcement- a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus
giving a dog a treat when they preform a trick is an example of ________ reinforcement
positive
every time eastyn gets an answer right on her stats practice exam, she removes one chore from her to do list
this is an example of __________ reinforcement
negative
_________ extinction is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced
operant extinction
_________ punishment is when a response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
positive punishment
removing a stimulus to weaken a response is an example of ________ punishment
negative punishment
spanking a child when he misbehaves is an example of ________ punishment
positive punishment - because you are adding something unpleasant
taking away a toy from a child when they misbehave is an example of ________ punishment
negative, because something is being taken away
stimuli such as food and water that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because it satisfies biological needs are know as _________ reinforcers
primary
stimulus that acquires qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (such as food) are known as ________ reinforcers
secondary
money is a _______ reinforcer, because it allows you to buy food which is a ________ reinforcer
money is a secondary reinforcer
food is a primary reinforcer
________ of _______ is the ability to forego an immediate smaller reward in delayed satisfying outcome
delay of gratification
reinforcing successive milestones in hopes of a final response is know as ___________
shaping
An example of ________ is when a baby or a toddler learns to walk. They are reinforced for crawling, then standing, then taking one step, then taking a few steps, and finally for walking.
shaping
__________ is a procedure used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with an opportunity to perform the next response
chaining
_________ breaks a task down into small steps and then teaches each step within the sequence by itself.
chaining
A child learning to wash his/her hands independently may start with learning to turn on the faucet. Once this initial skill is learned, the next step may be getting his/her hands, etc.
this is an example of ________
chaining
when an operant response occurs to a new stimulus or situation that is similar to the original we call it operant ___________
generalization
a child touching one hot stove burner, and then knowing to avoid every other hot stove burner from there on is an example of what?
operant generalization
when operant response will occur to one previous stimulus but not to another we call that _________ _____
operant discrimination
if i child will only steal a cookie out of the cookie jar when her parents are absent, what is the discriminative stimuli in this situation
the parent’s absence or presence
Operant discrimination- operant response will occur to one previous stimulus but not to another
different patterns and frequencies of reinforcements are referred to as _______ of reinforcement
schedules
what do you call the schedule of reinforcement in which every response of a particular type is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
what do you call the schedule of reinforcement in which only some responses are reinforced
partial reinforcement
_________ schedules are based on a certain percentage of reinforced responses
ratio
a _____ ratio schedule is one in which reinforcement is given after a fixed numbed of responses (eg. food after three pulls of a lever)
fixed ratio schedule
a ______ ratio schedule is on in which reinforcement is given after a variable number of correct responses, all centered around as average (eg. slot machine pays on average every 20 pulls)
variable schedule ratio
_____ schedules are based on a certain amount of time elapsing between reinforcements
interval
a ______ interval schedule is on in which the first correct response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced (eg, food only on first pull of lever every 20 mins)
fixed
a ________ interval schedule is one in which reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval (eg.quizzes about every 2 weeks)
variable
differentiate between interval schedules and ratio schedules
ratio schedules deal with percentages
interval schedules deal with time
_______ conditioning is a form of learning in which the organism learns to perform a behavior in order to escape from an aversive stimulus
escape conditioning
________ conditioning is a form of learning in which the organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus
avoidance conditioning
operant conditioning is combined with science data to solve individual and societal problems in _______ ______ analysis
applied behavior analysis
__________ means that through evolution animals are biologically prewired to easily learn behaviors related to survival as a species,
preparedness
pairing the smell and taste of food (cs) with a toxin (UCS) can produce a CR called __________ _______ ________
conditioned taste aversion
when a conditioned response drifts back toward indistinctive behavior we call it an _________ _______
indistinctive drift
sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem is know was what?
insight
the mental representation of the spatial layout of an area is called a ________ map
cognitive
learning that occurs but it not demonstrated until there is an incentive to person is _______ learning
latent learning
learning that occurs by observing the behavior of a model is known as ________ learning
observational
the _______ ________ theory emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes and self regulation
social cognitive theory
behaviorism focuses on stimulus and __________
response
the CR e happens whenever the ____ is present
CS
in instrumental conditioning, we try to replace the _______ response with a ______ response
dominant
target
positive reinforcement ________ the response strength
increases
positive reinforcement _________ something, negative reinforcement _______ _______ something
positive - gives
negative - takes away
positive punishment _____ you a punishment, negative punishment takes away a _______
positive - gives you punishment
negative - takes away a reward
who came up with the notion of operant
BF Skinner
