Chapter 4 - Genes, Evolution and Behaviour Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

what is the heritability coefficient

A

extent to which the degree of variation in a particular characteristic among a group of people can be attributed to genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is concordance

A

the likelihood that two people share a aprticular chracteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe what an adoption study entails

A

study of children who were adopted by comparing to both sets of parents

if more similar to biological parents - genetically influenced
if more similar to adoptive parents - environmentally influenced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the difference between gene and chromosome

A

● Gene: a DNA portion of the chromosome that carries the hereditary blueprint.

● Chromosome: a tightly coiled molecule of DNA that’s partly covered by
protein.

● Difference is that the chromosome is made up of genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is genetic determinism

A

The view that genes have invariant and unavoidable effects.

It’s also the belief that human behavior is directly controlled by an individual’s genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intelligence is based largely on ________, but also influenced by __________

A

Genetics, Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is concordance

A

the likelihood that two people share a particular characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in adoptions what does it mean if

the child is more similar to biological parents

the child is more similar to adoptive parents

A

More similar to biological: genetic influence

More similar to adoptive: environmental influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identical twins raised ______ have higher correlation on IQ scores than identical twins raised ______

A

Identical twins raised together have higher correlation on IQ scores than identical twins raised apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is reaction range

A

the range of possibilities (upper and lower limits) that genetic code allows for a genetically influenced trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what would be the ideal approach to observe genetics and personality

A

Ideal method approach to observe genetics and personality would be to observe personality traits in identical and fraternal twins who were reared together or apart

would allow for the observation of genetics, environment and unique individual experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain the definition of evolution in terms of genetics

A

the change over time in the frequency with which particular genes occur within a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain natural selection

A

characteristics that increase the likelihood of survival and ability to reproduce within a particular environment will be more likely to be preserved in the population and become more common over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is beneficial about adaptation

A

allows organisms to meet recurring environmental challenged to their survival, thereby increasing their reproductive ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

eastyn starts a species of eastyns. her species has an issue though, it is all female so theres no way to reproduce. the species eventually evolves both male and female sex organs.

what type of adaptation is this

A

domain-specific adaptation

designed to solve and particular problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is evolution personality theory

A

traits exist universally in humans because they have helped humans achieve the goals of physical survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define parental investment

A

time, effort, energy, and risk associated with caring successfully for each offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ _______ identified that the parent who invests most in offspring will be more competed for and thus will discriminate more when choosing a mate

A

robert trivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___________ mating system is expected when both parental investments is since, since it is unlikely that a single parent can successfully raise offspring

A

monogamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_______ is a mating type that is rare where females mate is many males

A

polyandry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the Five Factor Model states that individual differences in personality can be accounted for by 5 variations, name em

A

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does the concept of reaction range illustrate the interaction between heredity and environment

A

Using the concept of range of reaction, a scientist would say that intelligence is determined by genes but manifests according to what the environment demands.

In other words, if a child has the potential to be a genius, that potential must also be nurtured through education, nutrition, and a safe environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are alleles

A

The two genes, one on each chromosome, that control the same trait.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is Polygenic Transmission

A

A number of genes working together to create a particular phenotypic characteristic.

intelligence is an example of this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

According to the results of the Minnesota Twin Study, what factors were the most important in determining personality?

A

family environment accounted for little to no variation in any traits

the individuals’ unique experience, such as school experiences, social interactions, and individual learning experiences, was an important factor and accounted for 36 to 56 percent of the variation in individual personality traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How might genes influence the tendency to enjoy reading or participating in organized sports?

A

Certain inherited factors (e.g., physical characteristics such as muscle coordination) may predispose individuals to prefer certain activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mechanisms that receive input from the environment, process the information, and respond to it are called what

A

Biologically based Mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe examples of human behavior that suggest innate evolved mechanisms.

(give like 2)

A

Infants are born with an innate ability to acquire any language spoken in the world.

Newborns are prewired to perceive specific stimuli.

At one week of age, human infants show primitive mathematical skills, successfully discriminating between two and three objects.

Humans, like other social animals, tend to be altruistic and helpful to other members of their own group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

According to evolutionary theorists, what is the origin of the basic personality traits?

A

They have helped us achieve 2 goals:
physical survival
reproduction of the species

Traits such as extraversion and emotional stability were helpful in attaining positions of dominance and mate selection.

Conscientiousness and agreeableness might be particularly important to group survival, as well as in reproduction and the care of children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain Evolutionary Personality Theory

A

attempts to account for personality traits in terms of the evolutionary history of the human species; these traits are thought to develop from processes of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does the idea of parental investment explain differences in physical size between the sexes?

A

most mammals are polygynous (males may mate with many females)

polygynous systems lead to larger males, as size and strength is an advantage in male-male competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

define polyandry

A

one female mates with many males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

all members of a group mate with all other members of that group.

this is called _________

A

polygynandry

34
Q

ow are male and female mate preferences similar? How are they different?

A

Women prefer older men, men prefer younger women.

Men don’t have a preference on parental investment, women prefer it.

Males prefer attractiveness over parental investment.

35
Q

Why do women in all cultures tend to marry older men?

A

they are associated with respect, status, and access to resources

36
Q

Why do women and men find a symmetrical face attractive?

A

A symmetrical face is a sign that the person is free of parasites or has a genetic resistance to parasites, and has had a healthy and normal physical development.

37
Q

What is the difference between cooperation and altruism?

A

Cooperation helps both individuals, altruism only helps the one person.

38
Q

what is Kin selection

A

The view that organisms are most likely to help others with whom they share the most genes—namely, their offspring and genetic relatives.

39
Q

What is the theory of reciprocal altruism

A

View that altruism is long-term cooperation; one individual may help another but that assistance will be reciprocated at some time in the future

40
Q

Evolutionarily, what function or functions does aggression serve?

A

a means to protect one’s mate, young, territory, or food, to co-opt others’ resources, or to gain access to unclaimed resources.

41
Q

who was Gregor Mendel

A

a monk performing research with garden peas in the 1860s lead to the beginning of modern genetic theory.

42
Q

eastyn starts a species with josh allen. in this species, the josh’s are discriminated against, and the eastyns are discriminative against the josh’s.

what type of mating system is this

A

polygny

men mate as much as possible and women are discriminating of their mates, occurs when female invests more into offspring

43
Q

eastyn and youngboy start a cult named “AI Youngboy II” in this cult, everyone fucks everyone and there are no prolonged relations

what mating system is this

A

Polygynandry

44
Q

what does social Darwinism state?

A

those at the top of social latter are genetically the best

45
Q

Apart from genetic makeup, how else are monozygotic twins similar or the same?

A

The monozygotic twins may go through similar experiences since they look the same.

46
Q

why arre dominance hierarchies beneficial

A

allow group members to determine access to resources without unnecessary and costly aggressive encounters.

47
Q

guess who

believed natural songs of smart people did better than adopted ones,

measured simple motor and sensory abilities,

believed that intelligence was mental quickness,

invented correlation coefficient

A

Galton

48
Q

guess who

reported that the heritability coefficient of intelligence was 1 (purely genetic) but it turns out he made the data up

A

Sir cyril burt

49
Q

guess who

estimated intelligence coefficient was 0.72 by studying twins

A

Bouchard

50
Q

what is a karyotype

A

a genetic blueprint

51
Q

humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes ___ total

___ of which are autosomes and __ are sex chromosomes

A

23 pairs, 46 total

22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair are sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

52
Q

______ chromosomes are smaller than ___________

A

sex chromosomes are smaller than autosomes

53
Q

genes provide a temples for _____, which then provides a template for ________ molecules

A

genes provide a template for RNA, which then provides a template for protein molecules

54
Q

the influences of genes is through ________ ___________, there are no genes “for” a specific trait

A

protein synthesis

55
Q

why do people say there is a gene “for” something

use the example of intelligence discusses in the lectures

A

the gene “for” intelligence is really that of reaction time

is someone’s genetics endowed them with thicker myelinated sheaths then their neurons will fire more rapidly, which is linked to intelligence

thus the gene “for” intelligence is really the gene for myelination

56
Q

what is the critical period

A

an early stage in life when an organism is especially open to specific learning, emotional, or socializing experiences that occur as part of normal development and will not recur at a later stage.

if certain skills are not developed in the critical period, they will never be learnt

57
Q

distinguish between genotype and phenotype

A

genotype is the set of genes inherited

phenotype is the outward expression of genotype (characteristics, behaviors, etc)

58
Q

why cant we infer phenotype from genotype

A

outward characteristics may not indicate underlying genetic contribution

example - hair color is based on genetics, yet someone who is blonde could have modified their phenotypic expression by bleaching it

59
Q

what do you call two alleles that are the same

A

homozygous

60
Q

what do you call two different alleles

A

heterozygous alleles

61
Q

eastyn and obama have a baby boy. their eyes are boht brown, what does this mean for their baby?

A

the phenotypic outcome of the baby’s eye color is guaranteed to be the same as his parents

62
Q

eastyn and ed sheeran have a baby girl. eastyn has brown hair and ed has ginger hair, what hair color will she prolly have

A

brown because it is dominant

63
Q

another way to say polygenetic effect is _______ genetic

A

multiple genetic

64
Q

how to we calculate heritability (h^2) (how much observed variability due to genetic factors alone)

A

variance due to genes/ total variance

65
Q

describe a heritability of 0.0

A

the effect is totally due to the environment

66
Q

describe a heritability of 1.0

A

the effect is totally due to genes

67
Q

t or f

heritability applies to individuals

A

false

heritability applies to groups not individuals
why? if you look at one individual there is no variability

68
Q

eastyn is looking at a groups of Inuit people, she notices that they ALL have black hair.

what can she say about their hair color variability (assuming it is not dyed)

A

there is no variability (they are all the same), and since hair is genetically coded for

the heritability = 1.0 (completely due to genetics)

69
Q

heritability calculation increases as ______ ________ increases

A

genetic diversity

70
Q

why did Galton suggest that intelligence was totally genetic

A

because the relatives of intelligent people were also intelligent

adopted sons were not

71
Q

in bouchards twin study he found that the heritability for intelligence of identical twins reared apart is 0.72

what can we then generally deduce about heritability itself

A

heritability’s coefficient is 0.72

because heritability cannot actually be measured, we take identical twins reared apart as the most accurate account for the heritability of intelligence

72
Q

eastyn has a baby, her baby has a recessive gene on autosome number 12

what genetic disorder does it have? what does this cause? how can she treat it?

A

PKU

causes a lack of the enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine

her baby had severe brain damage and mental retardation

treated through diet control

73
Q

eastyn has a baby, it has a recessive gene on pair 15

what genetic disorder does it have? what does this cause? how can she treat it?

A

Tay Sachs disease

lacks enzyme that breaks down fatty acids

leads to blindness, deaf and inability to swallow and mental impairment

her baby will die by 4

74
Q

eastyn has a twins, a girl and a boy

which one is more susceptible to sex linked disorders

A

for all sex linked disorders men are more susceptible because the Y chromosome is shorter

75
Q

eastyn has a baby, it has a dominant gene on autosome pair number 4

what genetic disorder does it have? what does this cause?

A

it has Huntington’s disease

onset, 35-40

her baby will first be clumsy and forgetful

then rogressive deterioration in muscle control

76
Q

eastyn has a baby, which has an extra chromosome on it’s 21st pair

what disorder does it have? what does this cause

A

down syndrome

due to the accumulation of a protein called amyloid

nervous system abnormalities
mild to moderate retardation
shorter life expectancy
physical appearance (mongolism)

77
Q

__________ is all about changing to meet environmental needs

A

adaptation

78
Q

what are proximal and distal causes of behavior

A

proximal - the immediate mechanisms that meet certain needs and influence our behaviour (the here and now)

distal - evolutionary processes that drive us to meet those needs
(eg. evolutionairy causes)

79
Q

what is genetic drift

A

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance.

eg. people with genes expressing schizophrenia move to the youkon, making the expression in that gene in this population more likely over time

nothing to do with selection

80
Q

what is Correlate of structure

A

one trait that is selected causes other related traits to be selected for

eg. opposable thumbs and hand size