Chapter 6 - States of Consciousness Flashcards
______ is our moment to moment awareness of ourselves and our environment, its subjective and private, dynamic, self-reflective and central to our sense of self
consciousness
sigmund freud proposed that we have three levels of of awareness, name and explain them
Conscious- thoughts, perceptions
Preconscious- not currently available but could be (memories)
Subconscious- Inaccessible, unacceptable urges and desires that may leak out
_______ psychologists reject notion of an unconscious mind driven by instinctive urges and repressed conflicts
cognitive
cognitive psychologists view the conscious and unconscious mental life as __________ forms of _________ processing
complimentary forms of information processing
How do psychologist measure states of consciousness
self reports and behavioral measures
what are self reports
eople are able to describe their inner experiences and is the most direct insight into a persons subjective experiences
what are behavioral measures
behavioral measures are objective but still infer the person’s state of mind
compare controlled vs automatic processing
controlled - the voluntary use of attention and conscious effort (studying, planning etc.)
automatic - performed with little or no conscious effort (driving, etc)
eastyn is driving her car, she looks down at her phone and multitasks between texting mireille and driving
what types of attention is this?
divided attention
- ability to perform more than one activity at the same time
when is divided attention more difficult
when the two tasks being performed require similar mental resources
(eg. both motor tasks)
can you rub your belly and pat your head?
this is difficult for some, why?
because you’re using divided attention and they are both motor tasks, making it difficult
Can non-conscious processes influence emotional responses
yes
For example: being in a good or bad mood but not sure why you feel that way.
The inability to visually recognize objects is known as visual ________
agnosia
eastyn can see an object but is unable to recognize or interpret the visual information due to a disorder in her parietal lobe
what condition does she likely suffer from
visual agnosia
______ is the ability to respond to visual information (by guessing but they are usually 80-100% right most of the time) without consciously seeing it.
blindsight
our subjective experience of “unitary” consciousness arises from the _________ output of various modules in the brain
integrated
the ______ _______ is a daily biological clock or cycle that every 24 hours our body temperature, certain hormonal secretions and other bodily functions undergo a rhythmic change that affects our mental alertness and readies our body for sleep and when to wake up
circadian rhythm
what regulates the circadian rhythm and where is it located
regulated by the brains suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which are located in the hypothalamus
SCN neutrons become active during the day time and _______ the pineal gland’s secretion of melatonin, raising your body temperature and heightening your alertness. At night SCN neutrons are inactive allowing melatonin levels to _______ and promoting relaxation and sleepiness.
reduce the pineal gland’s secretion of melatonin,
At night SCN neutrons are inactive allowing melatonin levels to increase
the _______ gland produces melatonin
peneal
____________ is a hormone that has relaxing effects on the body and promotes sleepiness
melatonin
without day/night cycle cues your body would drift into a longer 24.2-24.8 hour clock
creating a __________ circadian rhythm
freerunning circadian rhythm
The cyclic tendency to become psychologically depressed during certain times of the year (fall/winter) is referred to as _______ _______ disorder
seasonal affective disorder
EEG’s are used to show your brains electrical activity in a pattern of _____ waves when you are awake with your eyes open,
beta waves
________ waves occur hen you’re relaxed/drowsy, or meditating and occurs at about 8 to 12 cycles per second
alpha waves
When you’re awake and alert, ________ waves have a high frequency of about 15 to 30 cycles per second, but a low “amplitude” or height
beta
What brain wave patterns distinguish the first four stages of sleep
Stage 1: alpha waves turn into _______ waves
Stage 2: sleep ______ and _______ indicate transition to stage 2
Stage 3: slow and large ______ waves start to occur
Stage 4: _______ waves dominate brain activity
Stage 1: alpha waves turn into theta waves
Stage 2: sleep spindles and k-complex’s indicate transition to stage
Stage 3: slow and large delta waves start to occur
Stage 4: delta waves dominate brain activity
eastyn smokes a fatty bowl, she feels relaxed and drowsy but not quite asleep yet
what will her sleep waves probably look like on an eeg
alpha waves
eastyn is awake and alert after poppin an addy, her brain is most likely emitting ______ waves
beta
during the _______ _____ _______ stage of sleep, brain-wave activity resembles that of active wakefulness, but the muscles in the bosy become completely relaxed
rapid eye movement (REM)
in stage one of sleep
Brain wave pattern becomes irregular, ________ theta waves (3.5 to 7.5 cps) increase
______ sleep, easily awakened
Brain wave pattern becomes irregular, slower theta waves (3.5 to 7.5 cps) increase
Light sleep, easily awakened
Lasts a few minutes, body jerks occur here
during stage 2 of sleep
Sleep _________ appear (1 to 2 second bursts of rapid brain wave activity of 12-15 cps)
mucles go _______, breathing a heart rate _______
its _______ to be awakened
Sleep spindles appear (1 to 2 second bursts of rapid brain wave activity of 12-15 cps)
Muscles relaxed, breathing and heart rate slow down
Harder to awaken
during stage 3 of sleep
we see the ppearance of very slow and large _______ waves (0.5 to 2 cps)
delta
during stage 4 of sleep
_______ waves dominate EEG patten
the body is ________ and we see _______ brain activity
Delta waves dominate EEG patern
Body relaxed and we see decreased brain activity
After about 20-30 minutes in stage 4 of sleep, what happens
you go back to stage, 3, 2, and then during your entry back into stage one you enter REM sleep
we spend more time in ______ sleep than any other stage, and throughout the night you spend less and less time in stage ___
REM
stage 4
why is it called rapid eye movement sleep
Sleepers’ eyeballs move back and forth beneath their closed eyelids
when awoken in REM sleep dreams are almost ______ reported
always
During REM, physiological arousal may increase to ________ levels (breathing, heart rate, boners, pussies getting wet)
daytime
during REM sleep the brain sends signals to make it more _______ for muscles to contract
difficult
ture or false, Rem sleep is the ony stage were dreams occur
false
true or false non REM sleep dreams are shorter than REM sleed dreams
true
Each cycle through REM stages takes around ___ minutes
90 minutes
Physiological arousal, paralysis of voluntary muscles and high rates of dreaming are all aspects of _______ sleep
REM
REM ______ _______ occurs when the brain sends signals to male voluntary sucle movements more difficult
REM sleep paralysis
newborns sleep around 16h a day, almost half of it in _______
REM
as people age they get less and less _______ wave sleeo
slow wave sleep
according to the sleep _______ _____, sleep recharges our bodies and allows us to recover from physical and mental fatigue
sleep restoration model
the __________ sleep model emphasize that sleep increases a species chance of survival in relation to environmental demands
Evolutionary sleep model
_______ is characterized by chronic difficulty to fall asleep, stay asleep or experience a restful sleep
insomnia
eastyn suffers from a sleep disorder where she suddenly falls asleep for 1-60 minutes uncontrollably, what does she have?
narcolepsy
eastyn suffers from a sleep disorder where she suddenly falls asleep for 1-60 minutes uncontrollably, what does she have?
narcolepsy
eastyn is having a sex dream in REM sleep. She suddenly starts humping the air uncontrollably in her sleep and acting out the dream. What sleep disorder does she suffer from?
Rem sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)
paralysis during rem is absent enabling them to move about and act out their dreams
_______ _______ occur when one is aroused to a near panic state, may suddenly sit up, let out a scream and thrash about or flee to another room to try and escape
night terrors
why did Freud believe we dream?
Wish fulfillment
the satisfaction of a psychological need through dreaming or a waking fantasy
freud outltines 2 aspects of dreams
_________ content which is the surface sotry of the dream
_________ content which is the hidden meaning in our drea
Manifest content (surface story of our dream)
Latent content (hidden meaning)
________ _________ theory states that dreams are the brain making sense of random neural activity, dreams serve no function
Activation synthesis theory
________ _______ dream models- sate that dreams help us find creative solutions to problems
problem solving dream models
__________ ________ dream theories focus on the process of how we dream and propose that dreaming and waking thought are produced by the same mental systems in the brain
cognitive process dream theories
In what Stage of sleep does sleep walking occur?
Stages 3 or 4 of slow-wave sleep.
sleep _____ is a disorder characterized by a repeated cycle in which the sleeper stops breathing, momentarily awakens, and then returns to sleep
apnea
eastyn has a dream where she fails her stats exam.
the literal meaning is __________ function
the fear that she might fail her exam is the ________ function
he literal meaning is manifest function
the fear that she might fail her exam is the latent function
agonistic drugs _______ neuron acvity
increase
what type of drug inhibits or decreases neuron activity
antagonistic
eastyn had decrease responsivity to weed because she smokes it every damn night, what is this referred to as
tolerance
bodily response that opposes a drugs effects and occurs in an attempt to restore homeostasis are referred to as __________ responses
compensatory
withdrawal is due to continuing ___________ responses after a drugs stop
continuing compensatory respoonses
depressant drugs ________ nervous system activity, reduce anxiety and give a relaxed euphoria
decrease
How do drugs increase/decrease synaptic transmission
they are either agonists or antagonists
alcohol increasers the activity of the neurotransmitter ______, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
and decreases the activity of _________
GABA, glutamate
_______ drugs increase nural firing and arouse the nervous system, boost heart rate, breathing, alertness and mood
stimulant
___________ psychosis is characterized by psychotic symptoms which involves and typically occurs following an overdose on psychostimulants
Amphetamine psychosis
codeine and heroine are examples of ________, which provide pain relief and cause mood swings/euphoria
opiates
mind altering drugs which produces hallucinations are called what
hallucinogens
_____ is the major ingredient in weed, and ______ is the other one; which is not mood altering, anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, and antipsychotic
thc
cbd
_______ is when people are able to experience imaged test suggestions as if they were real
hypnosis
_______ ________ _______ contain a standard series of pass/fail suggestions that are read to a subject after a hypnotic induction
Hypnotic susceptibility scales
__________ increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity (reducing appetite and fatigue
amphetamines
eastyn takes 13 fireball shots and decides to SUCK SOMBODY’S EAR AT A PARTY
she then wakes up the next morning and realizes that this short sidedness in thinking was _______ __________
alcohol myopia
- shortsightedness in thinking caused by inability to pay attention
how do stimulants influence neural firing
they increase it
how do depressants influence nervous system’s activity
decreases
Cocaine – increases activity of norepinephrine and dopamine by blocking _________
reuptake
the _________ theory of hypnosis says that a person simultaneously experiences two streams of consciousness
One stream responds to hypnotist’s questions
Second stream (part of consciousness that monitors behaviour) remains in the background but is aware of everything
dissociation theory of hypnosis
the _______ _______ theory of hypnosis claims that people motivated to conform to the role of a hypnotized person develop a readiness to respond to the suggestions and to perceive the hypnosis as real and involuntary
social cognitive theory of hypnosis
consciousness often depends on ______
attention
very well learned behaviour carried out through ________ processing
automatic
poorly learnt skills are carried out through _______ processing
controlled
eastyn and mireille drive to ACEB. by the time eastyn gets there, she says to mireille “damn broski, ion even remember driving here”
she was thus using ________ processing
automatic
reading is an example of an _______ process
automatic
awareness of the relationship between the self and the external world is a way of defining ________
consciousness
eastyn is trying to remember a word for her essay, she tells mireille that the the word is in the “tip of her toung”.
this is an example of Freudian ________ level
preconscious level, where the information is not currently available but could be
most people daydream every 90 minutes. Here are the 4 things most commonly day dreamt about, put them in order from most daydreamt
sex or romance
aggression
problem solving
failure or success
guilt
- failure or success
- aggression
- sex or romance
- guilt
- problem solving
names the waves from
