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PSYC 101 > Chapter 8 Language, Thinking, Reasoning > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Language, Thinking, Reasoning Flashcards

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1
Q

Language

A

Largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols (words/gestural signs) in rule-based ways to create meaning

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2
Q

Automatic

A

Requiring little attention to perform

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3
Q

Phonemes

A

Category of sounds our vocal apparatus produces

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4
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest meaningful unit of speech

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5
Q

Syntax

A

Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful words

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6
Q

Extralinguistic information

A

Elements of communication that aren’t part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning

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7
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning derived rom words/sentences

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8
Q

Dialects

A

Language variation used by a group of people who share geographic proximity/ethnic background

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9
Q

Sound symbolism

A

Certain word sounds have intrinsic meanings

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10
Q

Babbling

A

Intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning

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11
Q

One-word stage

A

Early period of language development when children use single-word phrases to convey an entire thought

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12
Q

Sign language

A

Language developed by members of a deaf community that uses visual rather than auditory communication

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13
Q

Bilingual

A

Proficient/fluent at speaking/comprehending two/more languages

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14
Q

Metalinguistic

A

Awareness of how language is structured/used

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15
Q

Homesign

A

System of signs invented by deaf children of hearing parents who receive no language input

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16
Q

Critical period

A

Windows of time in development during which an organism must learn an ability if it’s going to learn it at all

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17
Q

Sensitive period

A

People more receptive to learning/can acquire new knowledge more easily

18
Q

“Less is more” hypothesis

A
  • Children have more limited info processing abilities, fewer analytic skills, less specific knowledge about how language works than do adults, learn language more naturalistically/gradually from “ground up”
  • Adults impose more organization/structure on learning, makes learning language more challenging
19
Q

Imitation account

A

Language learned through imitation

20
Q

Generative

A

Allowing an infinite number of unique sentences to be created by combining words in novel ways

21
Q

Nativist account

A

Account of language acquisition that suggests children are born with some basic knowledge of how language works

22
Q

Language acquisition device

A

Hypothetical construct in the brain in which nativists believe knowledge of syntax resides

23
Q

Overregularization

A

Applying synaptic rules when they shouldn’t

24
Q

Social pragmatics account

A

Account of language acquisition that proposes that children infer what words/sentences mean from context/social interactions

25
Q

General cognitive processing account

A

Children’s ability to learn language results from general skills that children apply across a variety of activities

26
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

view that all thought is represented verbally, as a result, our language defines our thinking

27
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

View that characteristics of language shape our thought processes

28
Q

Stroop interference condition

A

ID colour of ink, suppress attention to words

29
Q

Learning to read

A
  1. Writing is meaningful
  2. Writing moves in a specific direction
  3. Recognize letters of the alphabet.
  4. Printed letters correspond to different sounds
30
Q

Whole word recognition

A

Reading strategy that involves IDing common words based on their appearance without having to sound them out

31
Q

Phonetic decomposition

A

Reading strategy that involves sounding out words by drawing correspondences between printed letters/sounds

32
Q

Thinking

A

Any mental activity/processing of info including learning, remembering, perceiving, communicating, believing, deciding

33
Q

Concepts

A

Our knowledge/ideas about a set of objects, actions, characteristics that share core properties

34
Q

Decision-making

A

Process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives

35
Q

Framing

A

The way a question is formulated, which can influence the decisions people make

36
Q

Neuroeconomics

A

How the brain works when making financial decisions

37
Q

Problem-solving

A

Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal

38
Q

Algorithms

A

Step by step procedure used to solve a problem

39
Q

Mental set

A

Phenom of becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives

40
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

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