Chapter 5 Biology of Sleep

Question 1

Sleep paralysis

Answer 1

State of being unable to move just after falling asleep/right before waking up

Question 2

Consciousness

Answer 2

Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, our mental processes

Question 3

Circadian rhythm

Answer 3

Cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24 hour basis in many biological processes

Question 4

Biological clock

Answer 4

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus that’s responsible for controlling our levels of alertness

Question 5

Non REM (NREM) sleep

Answer 5

Stages 1-4 of sleep cycle, during which REM doesn’t occur/dreaming less frequent/vivid

Question 6

REM sleep

Answer 6

Brain is most active/during which vivid dreaming most often occurs

Question 7

Lucid dreaming

Answer 7

Experience of become aware that one is dreaming

Question 8

Insomnia

Answer 8

Difficulty falling/staying asleep

Question 9

Narcolepsy

Answer 9

Disorder –> rapid/often unexpected onset of sleep

Question 10

Sleep apnea

Answer 10

Caused by blockage of airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue

Question 11

Night terrors

Answer 11

Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, confusion, followed by return to deep sleep

Question 12

Sleepwalking

Answer 12

Walking while fully asleep

Question 13

Freud’s Dream Protection Theory

Answer 13

Dream work disguises/contains sexual/aggressive instincts by repressing them –> transforms into symbols that represent wish fulfillment

Question 14

Activation-synthesis theory

Answer 14

Dreams reflect input from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain attempts to weave into a story

Question 15

Neurocognitive theory

Answer 15

Dreams are meaningful product of our cognitive capacities which shape what we dream about

Question 16

What neurotransmitter turns on REM sleep?

Answer 16

Acetylcholine

Question 17

Which part of brain plays important role in dreams?

Answer 17

Forebrain

Question 18

Out-of-body experience

Answer 18

Sense of our consciousness leaving our body

Question 19

Near-death experience

Answer 19

Out of body experience reported by people who’ve nearly died/thought they were going to die

Question 20

Deja vu

Answer 20

Feeling of reliving an experience that’s new (caused by dopamine)

Question 21

Mystical experience

Answer 21

Feelings of unity/oneness with the world, often strong spiritual overtones

Question 22

Hypnosis

Answer 22

Set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, behaviours

Question 23

Past life regression therapy

Answer 23

Therapeutic approach that hypnotizes/supposedly age-regresses patients to a previous life to ID the source of a present day problem

Question 24

Sociocognitive theory

Answer 24

Approach to explain hypnosis based on people’s attitudes, beliefs, expectations

Question 25

Dissociation theory

Answer 25

Approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that are normal well-integrated

Question 26

Psychoactive drug

Answer 26

Substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons

Question 27

Depressants (Examples, effect on behaviour)

Answer 27

Ex. Alcohol, barbiturates, valium
Effects: Decreased activity in CNS (central nervous system), initial high followed by sleepiness, slow thinking, impaired concentration

Question 28

Stimulants (Examples, effect on behaviour)

Answer 28

Ex. Tobacco, cocaine, meth, amphetamines

Effects: Increased activity in CNS, sense of alertness, well being, energy

Question 29

Opiates (Examples, effect on behaviour)

Answer 29

Ex. Heroin, morphine, codeine

Effects: Euphoria, decrease in pain

Question 30

Psychadelics (Examples, effect on behaviour)

Answer 30

Ex. Marijuana, LSD, ecstasy

Effects: Dramatically altered perception, mood, thoughts

Question 31

Mental set

Answer 31

Belief/expectations about effects of drugs

Question 32

Tolerance

Answer 32

Reduction in effect of drug resulting from repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve same results

Question 33

Withdrawal

Answer 33

Unpleasant effects of reducing/stopping consumption of drug that users consumed habitually

Question 34

Physical dependence

Answer 34

Dependence on drug that occurs when people continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 35

Psychological dependence

Answer 35

Dependence on drug that occurs when continued use of drug is motivated by intense cravings

Question 36

ALDH2 (Aldehyde 2)

Answer 36

Mutation in this gene causes facial flushing, heart palpitations, nausea in response to alcohol

Question 37

Hypnotic

Answer 37

Drug that exerts sleep-inducing effect

Question 38

Sedative

Answer 38

Drug that exerts a calming effect

Question 39

Stimulants

Answer 39

Drug that increases activity in the CNS, including heart rate, respiration, blood pressure

Question 40

Hallucinogens

Answer 40

Causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, thought

Question 41

Narcotics

Answer 41

Drug that relieves pain/induces sleep

Question 42

Rapid eye movement (REM)

Answer 42

Darting of the eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep