Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 101 > Chapter 6 How We Learn > Flashcards

Chapter 6 How We Learn Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

Change in organism’s behaviour/thought as a result of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Habituation

A

Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensitization

A

Responding to stimulus more strongly over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conditioning

A

Forming associations among stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Serendipity

A

Accident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus as a result of conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Initially neutral stimulus which, after conditioning elicits a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acquisition

A

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual reduction/eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Renewal effect

A

Sudden reemergence of conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Process by which conditioned stimuli similar but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Occasion setters

A

Settings that can/may contain conditioned stimulus and cause conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to an already familiar stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Conditioned compensatory response

A

Conditioned response that is the opposite of the UCR and serves to compensate for the UCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fetishism

A

Sexual attraction to nonliving things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning controlled by consequences of the organism’s behaviour

23
Q

Law of effect

A

Principle asserting that if, in the presence of a certain stimulus, a behaviour results in a satisfying reward, that behaviour is more likely to occur in the presence of that stimulus in the future

24
Q

Insight

A

Grasping the underlying nature of a problem

25
Q

Reinforcement

A

Outcome/consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour

26
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Presentation of a stimulus following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour

27
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of a stimulus following a behaviour that strengthens the possibility of the behaviour

28
Q

Punishment

A

Outcome/consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour

29
Q

Discriminate stimulus

A

Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement

30
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

Pattern of reinforcing a behaviour

31
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction that only occasional reinforcement

32
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour, resulting in slower extinction that if the behaviour had been reinforced continually

33
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses

34
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a specified time interval

35
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Patter in which we provide reinforcement after a variable number of responses, with the number varying randomly around some average

36
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a variable time interval, with the actual intervals varying randomly around some average

37
Q

Shaping by successive approximations

A

Conditioning a target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to target

38
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer

39
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Item/outcome that naturally increases target behaviour (biological - heat, food, pain)

40
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that’s not directly observable

41
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of how a physical space is organized

42
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by watching others

43
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs/observes that action

44
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

Classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of food

45
Q

Equipotentiality

A

Claim that we can classically condition all CSs equally well to all UCSs

46
Q

Preparedness

A

Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

47
Q

Illusory correlations

A

Perception of nonexistent association between two variables

48
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement

49
Q

Sleep-assisted learning

A

Learning new material while asleep

50
Q

Discovery learning

A

Giving students experimental materials and asking them to figure out scientific principles on their own

51
Q

Direct instructions

A

Tell people how to solve problems

52
Q

Learning styles

A

An individual’s preferred/optimal method of acquiring new info

53
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions