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PSYC 101 > Chapter 2 Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Facilitated communication

A

Facilitator sits next to child w/ autism, child sits in front of keyboard to help motor skills

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2
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A

Surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting frontal lobs of brain from underlying thalamus

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3
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut that helps us to streamline thinking/make sense of world

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4
Q

Cognitive misers

A

Try to conserve our mental energies by simplifying the world

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5
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Involves judging probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype, “like goes with like”

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6
Q

Base rate

A

How common a characteristic/behaviour is in general population

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7
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Fail to consider other base rates

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8
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our mind

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9
Q

Cognitive bias

A

Systematic errors in thinking

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10
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes, “I knew it all along”

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11
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate out ability to make correct predictions

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12
Q

Five research designs

A
  1. Naturalistic observation
  2. Case study
  3. Correlation design
  4. Experimental design
  5. Survey
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13
Q

Naturalistic observation (What, strengths, weaknesses)

A

Watching behavior in real world settings without trying to manipulate situation
Strengths: High external validity
Weaknesses: Low internal validity, doesn’t allow us to infer causation

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14
Q

External validity

A

Extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings

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15
Q

Internal validity

A

Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

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16
Q

Case study (What, strengths, weaknesses)

A

Examines one person/small number of people in depth, often over extended period of time
Strengths: Can provide existence proofs, allows us to study rare/unusual phenom, can offer insights for later systematic testing
Weaknesses: Typically anecdotal, doesn’t allow us to infer causation

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17
Q

Existence proofs

A

Demonstration that a given psychological phenom can occur

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18
Q

Self report measures

A

Questionnaires to assess variety of characteristics (personality traits, mental illness, interest)

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19
Q

Surveys (What, strengths, weaknesses)

A

Measure people’s opinion/attitudes
Strengths: Easy to administer, works well for some types of data, people have access to inner thoughts/may report them
Weaknesses: Question choice, self reports, selecting participants

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20
Q

Random selection

A

Ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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21
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

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22
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Reliable questionnaire yields similar scores over time

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23
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Different people who conduct interview/make behavioral observations, agree on characteristics they’re measuring

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24
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

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25
Q

Response tests

A

Tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items

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26
Q

Positive impression management

A

Tendency to make ourselves look better than we are

27
Q

Malingering

A

Tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed with aim of achieving clear-cut personal goal

28
Q

Correlation design (What, strengths, weaknesses)

A

Examines the extent to which two variables are associated
Strengths: Can help us predict behavior
Weaknesses: Doesn’t allow us to infer causation

29
Q

Scatterplot

A

Grouping of points on 2D graph where each dot represents a single person’s data

30
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists

31
Q

Experimental design (What, strengths, weaknesses)

A
  1. Random assignment of participants to conditions
  2. Manipulation of an independent variable
    Strengths: Allows us to infer causation, high internal validity
    Weaknesses: Sometimes low external validity, difficulty with control (placebo, Hawthorne, demand char)
32
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly sorting participants into groups

33
Q

Random selection vs random assignment

A

Ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate; Randomly sorting participants into groups

34
Q

Control group

A

Group of participants that don’t receive manipulation

35
Q

Experimental group

A

Group of participants that receive manipulation

36
Q

Between-subjects design

A

Researchers assign different groups to the control/experimental condition

37
Q

Within-subject design

A

Each participant acts as his/her own control

38
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that experiment manipulates

39
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect

40
Q

Operational definition

A

What a researcher is measuring

41
Q

Placebo effect

A

Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

42
Q

Blind

A

Unaware of whether one is experimental/control group

43
Q

Nocebo effect

A

Harmless substance that creates harmful effect

44
Q

Experimenter expectancy effect

A

Phenom where researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study

45
Q

Double-blind

A

Neither researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in experimental/control group

46
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Clues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding researchers’ hypotheses

47
Q

Informed consent

A

informing research participants of what is involved in a study prior to participation

48
Q

Statistics

A

Application of math to describe/analyze data

49
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Numerical characteristics that describe data

50
Q

Central tendency

A

Measure of “central” scores in data set/where group tends to cluster (mean, median, mode)

51
Q

Variability

A

Measure of how loosely/tightly bunched scores are

52
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measure dispersion that takes into account of how far data is from mean

53
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Math methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population

54
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

Perception of events outside the known channels of sensation

55
Q

Pseudosymmetry

A

Scientific controversy where none exists

56
Q

Statistically significant

A

Finding occurs by chance less than 5 in 100 times

57
Q

Halo vs horns effect

A

Cognitive biases that cause a favourable/unfavourable effect

58
Q

Hawthorne (observer) effect

A

Tendency to improve/modify aspect of behavior being experimentally measured in response to fact that subject knows they are being studied

59
Q

Practically significant

A

How statistics relate to the real world

60
Q

Effect size (Stat sig/not stat sig)

A

Large difference between groups studied; little difference between groups studied

61
Q

Sample size (Stat sig/not stat sig)

A

Large number of participants; Small number of participants

62
Q

Differences [Variability] (Stat sig/not stat sig)

A

Small differences across participants on variables measured; Large differences across participants on variables measured

63
Q

Ethics in research (three)

A
  1. Concern for welfare - minimize harm/maximize benefits to participants/society
  2. Respect for persons - informed consent, decisions to participate, autonomy
  3. Justice - share benefits/risks among all populations

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

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