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PSYC 101 > Chapter 4 Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Illusion

A

The way we perceive a stimulus doesn’t match its physical reality

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by sense organs, which send info to brain

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3
Q

Perception

A

Brains interpretation of raw sensory inputs

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4
Q

Naive realism

A

What we perceive is true/real, the world is precisely as we see it

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5
Q

Filling in

A

Reconstructing parts of what we perceive

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6
Q

Transduction

A

Process of converting an external energy/substance into electrical activity within neurons

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7
Q

Sense receptor

A

Specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system

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8
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected

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9
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics

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10
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lowest level of a stimulus needed for nervous system to detect change 50% of time

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11
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

Smallest change in intensity of a stimulus that we can detect

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12
Q

Weber’s Law

A

There is a constant proportional relationship between the JND/original stimulus intensity

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13
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions

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14
Q

Signal to noise ratio

A

How hard it becomes to detect signal when background noise present

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15
Q

Response biases

A

Tendencies to make one type of guess over others

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16
Q

Synesthesia

A

People experience cross-modal sensations

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17
Q

Parallel processing

A

Ability to attend many sense modalities simultaneously

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18
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Processing in which a whole is constructed from parts

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19
Q

Top-down processing

A

Conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs/expectations

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20
Q

Perceptual set

A

Set formed when expectations influence perceptions

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21
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions

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22
Q

Selective attention

A

Process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring/minimizing others

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23
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere

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24
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Perception below the threshold of conscious awareness

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25
Q

Pupil

A

Circular hole where light enters eye

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26
Q

Cornea

A

Part of eye containing transparent cells that focus light on retina

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27
Q

Lens

A

Part of eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus

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28
Q

Accommodation

A

changing shape of lens to focus on objects near/far

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29
Q

Retina

A

Membrane at the back of eye responsible for converting light into neural activity

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30
Q

Forea

A

Central portion of retina

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31
Q

Acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

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32
Q

Rods

A

Receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light

33
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Time in dark before rods regain max. light sensitivity

34
Q

Cones

A

Receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in colour

35
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve that travels from the retina to brain

36
Q

Blind spot

A

Region of retina containing no rods/cones, completely devoid of sense receptors

37
Q

Feature detector cell

A

Cell that detects lines/edges

38
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Idea that colour vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colours (red, green, blue)

39
Q

Colour blindness

A

Inability to see some/all colours

40
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Theory that we perceive colours in terms of three pairs of opposite colours (red/green, blue/yellow, black/white)

41
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to judge distance/3D relations

42
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye

43
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes

44
Q

Gestalt Principles

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Similarity
  3. Continuity
  4. Closure
  5. Symmetry
  6. Figure-ground
45
Q

Gestalt: Proximity

A

Objects physically close to each other perceived as unified wholes

46
Q

Gestalt: Similarity

A

See similar objects comprising a whole

47
Q

Gestalt: Continuity

A

Perceive objects as wholes even if other objects block part of them

48
Q

Gestalt: Closure

A

Partial visual info present, brains fill in what’s missing

49
Q

Gestalt: Symmetry

A

Perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more often than those that aren’t

50
Q

Gestalt: Figure-ground

A

Make instantaneous decision to focus attention on what we believe to be the central figure, ignore what’s in the background

51
Q

Monocular cues (List)

A

Relative size, texture gradient, interposition, linear perspective, height in plane, light and shadow

52
Q

Mono cues: Relative size

A

All things being equal, more distance objects look smaller than closer objects

53
Q

Mono cues: Texture gradient

A

Texture of objects become less apparent as objects become further away

54
Q

Mono cues: Interposition

A

One object that is closer blocks our view of an object behind it (know which object is closer vs farther)

55
Q

Mono cues: Linear perspective

A

Outlines of rooms/buildings converge as distance increases (vanishing point)

56
Q

Mono cues: Light and shadow

A

Objects cast shadows that give us a sense of their 3D form

57
Q

Binocular cues (list)

A

Binocular disparity, binocular convergence

58
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Left/right eyes transmit different info for near objects but see distant objects similarly

59
Q

Binocular convergence

A

Look at nearby objects, focus on them reflexively by using our eye muscles to turn eyes inward

60
Q

Audition

A

Sense of hearing

61
Q

Timbre

A

Complexity/quality of sound that makes musical instruments, human voices, other sounds

62
Q

Cochlea

A

Bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing

63
Q

Pitch

A

Frequency of sound wave

64
Q

Loudness

A

Amplitude/height of sound wave

65
Q

Organ of corti

A

Tissue containing hair cells necessary for hearing

66
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Membrane supporting organ of corti/hair cells in cochlea

67
Q

Place theory

A

Specific place along the basilar membrane matches a tone w/ a specific path

68
Q

Frequency theory

A

Rate at which neurons fire action potentials faithfully reproduces pitch

69
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

70
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of taste

71
Q

Taste buds

A

Sense receptor in the tongue that responds to sweet, salty, bitter, umami, fat

72
Q

Pheromones

A

Odourless chemicals that serve as social signal to members of one’s species

73
Q

Somatosensory

A

Our sense of touch, temperature, pain

74
Q

Gate control model

A

Idea that pain is blocked/gated from consciousness by neural mechanisms in spinal cord

75
Q

Phantom pain

A

Pain/discomfort felt in an amputated limb

76
Q

Proprioception

A

Our sense of body position

77
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Our sense of equilibrium/balance

78
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

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