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PSYC 101 > Chapter 3 Biological Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Biological Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell specialized for communication

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2
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

Central region, manufactures cell components

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

Portion of neuron that receives signal

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4
Q

Axon

A

Portion of neuron that sends signal

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5
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

Spherical sac containing neurotrasmitters

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6
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers specialized for communication from neuron to neuron

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7
Q

Synapse

A

Space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically

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8
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gap which neurotransmitters are released from axon terminal

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9
Q

Glial cell

A

Cells in nervous system that play role in formation of myelin/blood-brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, enhances learning/memory

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of neuron’s signal

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11
Q

Resting potential

A

Electrical charge differences (-60 mv) across neuronal membrane when neuron not being stimulated/inhibited

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12
Q

Threshold

A

Membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential

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13
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulse that travels down axon triggering release of neurotrasmitters

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14
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Time during which another action potential is impossible; limits max firing rate

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15
Q

Graded potential

A

Postsynaptic potentials that can be excitatory/inhibitory depending whether positively/negatively charged participles flow across neuronal membrane/which direction they flow

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16
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Graded potential in dendrite caused by excitatory synaptic transmission

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17
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Graded potential in dendrite caused by inhibitory synaptic transmission

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18
Q

Receptor site

A

Location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter

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19
Q

Reuptake

A

Means of recycling neurotransmitters

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20
Q

Endorphins

A

Chemical in the brain that plays a specialized role in pain reduction

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21
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Drugs that interact with neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Agonists

A

Increase receptor site activity

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23
Q

Antagonists

A

Decrease receptor site activity

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24
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability of nervous system to change

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25
Q

Neuron changes (four)

A
  1. Growth of dendrites/axons
  2. Synaptogensis - formation of new synapses
  3. Pruning - death of no longer useful STUFFZ
  4. Myelination - insulation of axons with sheath
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26
Q

Stem cells

A

Cell often originating in embryos having capacity to differentiate into more specialized cell

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27
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Creation of new neurons in adult brain

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28
Q

Central nervous system

A

Part of nervous system containing brain/spinal cord that controls mind/behaviour

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29
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves in body that extend outside CNS

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30
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

Pockets in brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid, which provide brain with nutrients/cushioning against injury

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31
Q

Forebrain

A

forward part of brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities

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32
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Two halves of cerebral cortex, each serving distinct highly integrated fxns

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33
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large band of fibres connecting two cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing/higher brain fxns

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35
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Foreward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor fxn, language, memory, planning

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36
Q

Motor cortex

A

Part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement

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37
Q

Prefrontal lobe

A

Part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, language

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38
Q

Broca’s area

A

Language area in prefrontal cortex that helps control speech production

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39
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Upper middle part of cerebral cortex behind frontal lobe, specialized for touch/perception

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40
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Prime site, lower part of cerebral cortex that plays role in hearing, understanding language, memory

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41
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Part of temporal lobe involved in understanding speech (comprehension)

42
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision

43
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

Regions of cerebral cortex that initially process info from senses

44
Q

Association cortex

A

Regions of cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex fxns

45
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Structures in forebrain that help control movement

46
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional centre of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, memory

47
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway from sense organs to primary sensory cortex

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Responsible for maintaing constant internal state (homeostasis)

49
Q

Amygdala

A

Plays role in fear, excitement arousal

50
Q

Hippocampus

A

Plays role in spatial memory

51
Q

Brain stem

A

Between spinal cord/cerebral cortex that contains midbrain, pon, medulla

52
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of brain stem, contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, reflexes triggered by sound

53
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Brain area that plays key role in arousal

54
Q

Hindbrain

A

Region below midbrain that contains cerebellum, pons, medulla

55
Q

Cerebellum

A

Responsible for sense of balance

56
Q

Pons

A

Connects cortex with cerebellum

57
Q

Medulla

A

Involves basic fxns like heartbeat/breathing

58
Q

Spinal cord

A

Thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between brain/body

59
Q

Interneuron

A

Neuron that sends messages to other neurons nearby

60
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic motor response to sensory stimulus

61
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Conveys info between CNS/body, controlling/coordinating voluntary movement

62
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs/glads, participates in emotion regulation

63
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Division of autonomic, engaged during crises/after actions requiring fight/flight

64
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Division of autonomic, controls rest/digestion

65
Q

Endocrine system

A

System of glands/hormones that control secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers

66
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical released into bloodstream that influences particular organs/glands

67
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland under control of hypothalamus, directs other glands of body

68
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Located on top of kidneys, releases adrenalin/cortisol during emotional arousal

69
Q

Phrenology

A

First attempt to map mind onto brain (Gall)

70
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Uses magnetic fields to visualize brain structure

71
Q

fMRI

A

Measures changes in blood oxygen levels in brain

72
Q

Localization of function

A

Areas of brain active during specific psychological task over/above baseline rate of activity

73
Q

Lateralization

A

Cognitive fxn that relies on one side of brain more than other

74
Q

Split brain surgery

A

Involves severing corpus callosum to reduce spread of epileptic seizures

75
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

76
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable traits

77
Q

Recessive gene

A

Gene expressed in absence of dominant gene

78
Q

Fitness

A

Organism’s capacity to pass on their genes

79
Q

Heritability

A

Percentage of variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes

80
Q

Family study

A

Analysis of how characteristics run in intact families

81
Q

Twin study

A

Analysis of how traits differ in identical/fraternal twins

82
Q

Adoption study

A

Analysis of how traits vary in individuals raised apart from biological relatives

83
Q

Neurotransmitter: Glutamate

A

Most common excitatory; learning, development, deactivated by alcohol

84
Q

Neurotransmitter: GABA

A

Most common inhibitory; alcohol increases sensitivity

85
Q

Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine

A

Movement, memory, REM sleep

86
Q

Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine

A

Low level on mood disorders, increases attention to environment

87
Q

Neurotransmitter: Dopamine

A

Movement, attention, learning, reinforcement; low levels –> Parkinson’s, high levels –> schizophrenia

88
Q

Neurotransmitter: Seratonin

A

Low levels in mood disorders, regulation: mood, eating, sleep, arousal, pain

89
Q

Three Rs of drugs affecting synaptic transmitters

A
  1. Stimulate/inhibit RELEASE of neurotransmitters
  2. Stimulate/bock postsynaptic RECEPTORS
  3. Inhibit REUPTAKE
90
Q

Five fxnl regions of cerebral cortex

A 
1. Primary motor cortex --> Action
Primary sensory cortex --> Sensation
2. Somatosensory cortex
3. Visual cortex
4. Auditory cortex
5. Association cortex --> between sensation/action
91
Q

Michael Gazzaniga

A

Mind is constructed of independent/semi-independent agents

92
Q

Left hemisphere functions

A

Analysis - break down info

Serial behaviours - verbal, language, speech

93
Q

Right hemisphere functions

A

Synthesis - put info together

Drawing, read maps, building, images, patterns

94
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Damage to prefrontal cortex; major personality change to slow thoughts, loss of self awareness, emotion runs changed; intelligence/memory maintained

95
Q

Broca’s area characteristics

A

Broken speech, labored but retains meaning, extensive damage –> agrammatism or comprehension problem possible

96
Q

Wernicke’s area characteristics

A

Language comprehension trouble, world salad, problems recognizing spoken words/comprehension of word meaning

97
Q

Pure word deafness

A

Only damage in Wernicke’s, can read/write, comprehension ok, can’t recognize speech sounds as speech

98
Q

Isolation aphasia

A

Damage to angular gyrus, word salad, can repeat words but don’t understand, can’t read/write

99
Q

Pure word deafness + isolation aphasia = ?

A

Wernick’s aphasia

100
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

How an organism’s evolutionary history contributes to the development of behavior patterns/cognitive strategies related to reproduction/survival during its lifetime

101
Q

Heredity

A

All of traits/tendencies inherited from biological ancestors

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

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