Chapter 8: language and speech

Question 1

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 1

Damage in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Non-fluent, agrammatical language production. They do know what they want to say and it makes sense, but the sentences are just very telegram style.

(Ezelsbruggetje: broca –> brokken –> praten in brokken).

Question 2

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 2

Damage in the posterior part of the left temporal lobe. Spontaneous speech of people is fluent, however, what they say does not make sense. Also the repeating, reading and writing of words out loud is hardly possible.

Question 3

Conduction aphasia

Answer 3

Struggling with laguage production and using many phonological paraphasias and neologisms. They do have good language comprehension and try to correct their own mistakes, but often can’t speak fluently or repeat sentences.

Question 4

Paraphasias

Answer 4

Paraphasias are the wrong sounds made when trying to say a word (saying lar insead of car).

Question 5

Neologisms

Answer 5

Neologisms are the new words we can make from existing words.

Question 6

Transcortical aphasia

Answer 6

Is characterized by impaired auditory comprehension with intact repetition and fluent speech. In the severe form people can only repeat what has just been said (echolalia).

Question 7

Anomic aphasia

Answer 7

Language production is fluent with word-finding difficulties. The spontaneous speech is characterized by hesitations, pauses and descriptions.

Question 8

Global aphasia

Answer 8

Both language production and comprehension is affected. The language production is limited to a few single words, stereotypical expressions and language automatisms like ‘don’t know’.

Question 9

Dysarthria

Answer 9

Motor loss in the mouth, tongue or facial muscles leading to unclear articulation.

Question 10

Speech apraxia

Answer 10

The articulation organs are intact, but the control and programming are impaired.

Question 11

Dynamic aphasia

Answer 11

Difficulty with speech initiation and fluency.

Question 12

Mild aphasia

Answer 12

Difficult/ less smooth participation in group conversation, weak topic maintenance after an interruption, difficulty to express nuances and difficulty reading subtitles.

Question 13

Left and right handed people

Answer 13

Right handed people mostly have their speech in their left hemisphere, in left handed people the speech areas are more diffused throughout the brain.

Question 14

Proprioception

Answer 14

Where your body is in the space.

Question 15

Ventral system (what)

Answer 15

• For recognition/identification
• High spatial frequencies, details
• Long term stored memory representations
• Relatively slow speed
• High consciousness
• Allocentric (on one person or things) or object-centered

Question 16

Dorsal system (where)

Answer 16

• For visually guided behaviour
• High temporal frequencies, motion
• Only very short term memory storage
• Speed is relatively fast
• Low consciousness
• Egocentric of viewer-centered

Question 17

Glaucoma

Answer 17

A loss of visual field except for a round middle where the patient can see through.

Question 18

Apperceptive agnosia

Answer 18

Difficulty integrating incoming information into an image.

Question 19

Associative agnosia

Answer 19

Associating that image with memories/knowledge.

Question 20

Asomatognosia

Answer 20

The feeling that part of one’s body is missing, fading or is disapeared.

Question 21

Palinopsia

Answer 21

The persistent recurrence of visual image.