Chapter 8 - Key Concepts & Review Points

Question 1

The smallest sugars are ____________ or ____________ with the formula (C*H20)n.

Answer 1

aldoses

ketoses

Question 2

Monosaccarides cyclize to form alpha or beta ____________.

Answer 2

anomers

Question 3

The derivatives of monosaccharides include the ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________.

Answer 3

aldonic acids
uronic acids
alditols
deoxy sugars
amino sugars

Question 4

Monosaccharides, or simple sugars, are synthesized from smaller precursors that are ultimately derived from CO2 and H2O by ____________.

Answer 4

photosynthesis

Question 5

Diasaccharides such as ____________ and ____________ consist of two sugars linked by specific glycosidic bonds.

Answer 5

lactose

sucrose

Question 6

Cellulose and chitin are polymers of beta(1–>4)-linked ____________.

Answer 6

glucose residues

Question 7

In starch and glycogen, glucose residues are linked mainly by ____________.

Answer 7

alpha(1–>4) bonds

Question 8

Glycosaminoglycans and other large heteropolysaccharides typically have a ____________ structure.

Answer 8

gel-like

Question 9

Monosaccharides can be linked to each other or to other molecules by ____________.

Answer 9

glycosidic bonds

Question 10

Monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates, are classified as ____________ or ____________.

Answer 10

aldoses

ketoses

Question 11

Monosaccharide derivatives include ________, ________, ________, ________, and ________.

Answer 11

aldonic acids
uronic acids
deoxy sugars
amino sugars
alpha- and beta-glycosides

Question 12

Polysaccharides are monosaccharides linked by ____________.

Answer 12

glycosidic bonds

Question 13

____________ and ____________ are polysaccharides whose beta(1–>4) linkages cause them to adopt rigid and extended structures.

Answer 13

cellulose

chitin

Question 14

The storage polysaccharides starch and glycogen consist of ____________ linked glucose residues.

Answer 14

alpha-glycosidically