Chapter 11 - Key Concepts & Review Points

Question 1

Enzymes differ from ordinary chemical catalysts in ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________.

Answer 1

• reaction rate
• reaction conditions
• reaction specificity
• control

Question 2

The unique physical and chemical properties of the _____________ limit an enzyme’s activity to specific substrates and reactions.

Answer 2

active site

Question 3

Some enzymes require metal ______ or organic ____________.

Answer 3

• ions

- cofactors

Question 4

An enzyme provides a lower-energy pathway from substrate to product but does not affect the ____________ for the reaction.

Answer 4

overall free energy change

Question 5

Amino acid side chains that can donate or accept protons can participate in chemical reactions as ______ or ______ catalysts.

Answer 5

• acid

- base

Question 6

Nucleophilic groups can catalyze reactions through the transient formation of ____________ with the substrate.

Answer 6

covalent bonds

Question 7

In metal ion catalysis, the ____________ of the metal ion facilitate the reaction.

Answer 7

unique electronic properties

Question 8

Enzymes accelerate reaction by ____________ and orienting them for reaction.

Answer 8

bringing reacting groups together

Question 9

Transition state stabilization can significantly _________ the activation energy for a reaction.

Answer 9

lower

Question 10

An enzyme provides a ____________ from substrate to product but does not affect the ____________ for the reaction.

Answer 10

lower-energy pathway

overall free energy change

Question 11

Amino acid side chains that can donate or accept protons can participate in chemical reactions as ________ or ________ catalysts.

Answer 11

acid

base

Question 12

Nucleophilic groups can catalyze reactions through the transient formation of ____________ with the substrate.

Answer 12

covalent bonds

Question 13

In metal ion catalysis, the unique __________ properties of the metal ion facilitate the reaction.

Answer 13

electronic

Question 14

____________ accelerate reactions by bringing reacting groups together an orienting them for reaction.

Answer 14

enzymes

Question 15

Transition state stabilization can significantly ________ the activation energy for a reaction.

Answer 15

lower

Question 16

Model building indicates that binding to lysozyme distorts the ____________.

Answer 16

substrate sugar residue

Question 17

Lysozyme’s active site ____ and ____ residues promote substrate hydrolysis by ____________, ____________, and ____________.

Answer 17

Asp
Glu
acid-base catalysis
covalent catalysis
stabilization of an oxonium ion transition state