Chapter 8: Intelligence Throughout the Life Span

Question 1

Because _____ is a hypothetical construct, psychologists have disagreed on how to define it. Different tests, therefore, ask different questions and may measure different ____.

Answer 1

intelligence

abilities

Question 2

The capacity to acquire and use knowledge.

Answer 2

intelligence

Question 3

The total body of acquired knowledge.

Answer 3

intelligence

Question 4

A major questions related to intelligence has been “does intelligence consist of a single core factor or does it consist of many separate, ______?

Answer 4

unrelated abilities

Question 5

Spearman concluded that cognitive abilities could be narrowed down to one critical g-factor, or _____ intelligence.

Answer 5

general

Question 6

JP Guilford proposed that intelligence consists of ____ distinct abilities.

Answer 6

150

Question 7

LL Thurston used a ______ technique known as factor analysis to find 7 independent primary mental abilities; numerical ability, reasoning, verbal fluency, spatial visualization, perceptual ability, memory, and verbal comprehension

Answer 7

statistical

Question 8

Raymond Cattell argued that a g-factor does exist, but cognitive ability consists of ____, reasoning and problem solving) and crystallized intelligence (specific knowledge gained from applying _____).

Answer 8

fluid intelligence

fluid intelligence

Question 9

Sternbery proposed a _____ theory of intelligence that specifies 3 important parts of intelligence componential intelligence (includes metacomponents, perfomance components, and knowledge acquisiton components) experiential intelligence, and contextual intelligence.

Answer 9

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 10

Gardner’s theory of _____ proposed seven different components of intelligence that include not only language ability, logical-mathematical thinking, and spatial thinking but also musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal,and intrapersonal thinkng.

Answer 10

multiple

Question 11

Early interest in intelligence testing dates back to the eugenics movement of _____.

Answer 11

Sir Frances Galton

Question 12

Galton believed that it is possible to improve genetic characteristics (including intelligence) through ____.

Answer 12

breeding

Question 13

The 1st effective test of intelligence was devised in the early 1900s by French psychologist ______.

Answer 13

Alfred Binet

Question 14

Binet was appointed by the French Ministry of Public Instruction to design an intelligence test that would identify children who needed to be removed from the _____ classroom so that they could receive special instruction.

Answer 14

regular

Question 15

Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon devised an intelligence test consisting of ____ subtests containing problems of increasing difficulty. The items on the test were designed to measure children’s judgement, reasoning, and ______.

Answer 15

30

comprehension

Question 16

The first test was published in 1905 and then was revised in ____ and 1911.

Answer 16

1908

Question 17

The 1908 revision of the Binet and Simon scale introduced the notion of _____.

Answer 17

mental age

Question 18

______ is a measure of a child’s intellectual level that is independent of the child’s chronological age (actual age).

Answer 18

Mental age

Question 19

Shortly after Binet’s original work, Terman of Stanford University and his colleagues helped refine and _____ the test for American children. Their version came to be the _____ intelligence scale, and its latest revisions are still being used today.

Answer 19

standardize

stanford-binet

Question 20

Terman and others (Stern of Germany) developed the idea the IQ or ______ (sometimes referred to as the ratio IQ score).

Answer 20

intelligence quotient

Question 21

To calculate IQ, a child’s mental age (MA) (as determined by how well he or she does on the test) is divided by his or her ______ and multiplied by 100.

Answer 21

chronological age (CA)

Question 22

The major advantage of the IQ score over simple MA is that it gives an index of a child’s IQ test performance relative to others of the same _______.

Answer 22

chronological age

Question 23

The major problem with the ration IQ score is that most people’s mental development slows in their ____. But a MA may remain fairly stable throughout adulthood, CA _____ over time. Using CA as the divisor in the IQ formula, therefore, results in an individuals IQ score diminishing over time (even though MA has not changed)

Answer 23

late teens

increases

Question 24

David Wechsler corrected this problem with ratio IQ scores by devising the _____ IQ score.

Answer 24

deviation

Question 25

The deviation IQ score is calculated by converting the ____ on each subtest of the test to standard scores normalized for each age group. These standard scores are then translated into deviation IQ scores.

Answer 25

raw scores

Question 26

Wechsler reasoned that intelligence is normally distributed, or follows the _____ - that is the majority of people score at or around the mean, or average, score of 100 and progressively fewer people will achieve scores that spread out in either direction.

Answer 26

bellcurve

Question 27

A group of IQ scores can be portrayed as a normal, bell curve with an average score of 100 and a standard deviation that is the same at ____.

Answer 27

every age level

Question 28

The advantage of the deviation IQ is that the standing of an individual can be compared with the scores of others of the same age, and the intervals from age to age ____. Therefore, deviation IQ scores indicate exactly where a test taker falls in the ____ distribution of intelligence.

Answer 28

remain the same | normal

Question 29

Terman adopted the deviation IQ as the scoring _____ for the 1960 revision of the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale, although he chose a standard deviation of 16 rather than 15. Almost all other intelligence tests today use deviation IQ scores.

Answer 29

standard

Question 30

There are ____ intelligence tests today that are the most widely used and they are individually administered by trained psychologists to one test taker at a time.

Answer 30

2

Question 31

The stanford-binet intelligence scale was published in 1916, by Terman and his colleagues. It remains one of the world's most ____ used tests of intelligence (although there are criticisms of the scale).

Answer 31

widely

Question 32

The stanford-binet intelligence scale can be used with individuals from age ____ through adulthood.

Answer 32

2

Question 33

In the latest revision of the standford-binet intelligence scale the word intelligence has been replaced by ______. The terms intelligence, IQ, and mental age are not used; instead, the term ______ is used.

Answer 33

cognitive development. | Standard Age Score (SAS)

Question 34

The latest revision, 4th edition of the stanford-binet intelligence test, measures ____ areas of cognitive development and a SAS can be calculated for each area as well as an overall composite score.

Answer 34

4

Question 35

The stanford binet measures verbal reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and ______.

Answer 35

short term memory

Question 36

Because the Stanford Binet initially appeared to be unsatisfactory for use with adults, in 1939 Welscher published a test designed exclusively for ____. This test has since been revised and now known as the ______ or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised.

Answer 36

adults | WAIS-R

Question 37

Eventually, Wechsler published _____ (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd ed for children 6-16) and WPPSI-R (Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised for children ____ of age)

Answer 37

WISC-III | 4-6 age

Question 38

The Wechsler scales were known for at least two major _____ when they were first developed.

Answer 38

innovations

Question 39

The first major innovation was that they were less dependent on verbal ability than the Stanford BInet and included many items that required ______. These tests allow the computation of 3 scores, a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, and an _____ full scale IQ score.

Answer 39

nonverbal reasoning | overall

Question 40

The second major innovation, Weschler developed the deviation IQ score based on the normal distribution of intelligence and abandoned the notion of _______.

Answer 40

intelligence quotient

Question 41

Wechsler's scales of intelligence are still widely used and ____ today.

Answer 41

respected

Question 42

The Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence is a test designed to be used with infants ages ___ to ____ months.

Answer 42

2 to 30

Question 43

The Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence test has 3 scales including the motor scale, the mental scale, and the _____ record.

Answer 43

infant behavior

Question 44

The Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence test measures the degree to which the infant has achieved developmental milestones, can coordinate ______, and can follow directions.

Answer 44

goal directed

Question 45

Infants receive a developmental quotient (DQ) on the ______ test.

Answer 45

Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence.

Question 46

Scores on the Bayley Scales do not predict _____ IQ very well. However, a low DQ score may be a sign of intelectual ______ or neurological problems.

Answer 46

later | disability

Question 47

Intelligence tests, as with any other test, must have _______ and validity in order to be good quality.

Answer 47

reliability

Question 48

Most intelligence tests used today demonstrate good reliability or _______ of scores.

Answer 48

consistency

Question 49

The _____ of intelligence tests is the degree to which the tests measure what they are intended to measure.

Answer 49

validity

Question 50

Validity is often assessed using ______ validity. This entails correlating test scores with another independent measure of intelligence.

Answer 50

criterion

Question 51

The validity of intelligence tests depends on the criterion _____.

Answer 51

being used | i.e. they do a good job of predicting success in school.

Question 52

Although intelligence test scores correlate with ______, they do not predict performance within a given occupation.

Answer 52

occupational attainment

Question 53

Intelligence tests have been criticized as being ____.

Answer 53

biased

Question 54

Children who have low socioeconomic status score on average ______ than children from middle to upper socioeconomic classes.

Answer 54

lower

Question 55

Some experts suggest that mainstream intelligence tests tap into experiences that people from the _________ groups have rather than the experiences of people from low status backgrounds. This ____ has led to several recent attempts to create a culture fair intelligence test.

Answer 55

middle to upper status | test bias

Question 56

Intelligence test scores can and ____ change over time. It is possible to make ____ gains or loses in intelligence during adolescence and adulthood.

Answer 56

do | substantial

Question 57

The nature vs nurture debate related to intelligence addresses whether ______ or environment determines one's intellectual skills.

Answer 57

heredity

Question 58

_____ is an estimate of how much of a trait in a population is determined by genetic inheritance.

Answer 58

Heritability

Question 59

______ have become the most popular research tool to examine whether heredity or environment determines one's intellectual skills.

Answer 59

twin studies

Question 60

Correlational studies with twins suggest that ____ influences the development of intelligence.

Answer 60

heredity | i.e. the correlation of iq scores for identical twins is higher than the correlation for fraternal twins

Question 61

Even identical twins reared ____ have more similar IQs than fraternal twins reared together in the same household.

Answer 61

apart

Question 62

There is research to indicate that environment also exerts an _____ on intelligence.

Answer 62

influence

Question 63

Sandra Scarr and other researchers have shown that _______ children placed in homes that provide an enriching intellectual environment have shown moderate but consistent increases in intelligence.

Answer 63

underprivileged

Question 64

Children placed in various enrichment programs have also shown gains in ____.

Answer 64

IQ

Question 65

The IQs of identical twins reared together in the same environment are more _____ than those for identical twins reared apart.

Answer 65

similar

Question 66

The term _____ has been applied to the nature vs nurture debate of intelligence. ______ implies that genetics may limit or define a potential range of IQ, but that environment can influence where along this range an individual's IQ score falls.

Answer 66

reaction range | reaction range

Question 67

_____ and cultural differences in IQ are very small when compared to the range of genetic differences within each group.

Answer 67

Racial

Question 68

Research has suggested, that the differences between mean intelligence test scores for black and white Americans may be due to differences in parental education, nutrition, _____, schools, motivation for doing well on a test.

Answer 68

health care

Question 69

Many have argued that intelligence tests are ______ biased because they have been developed by white, middle class psychologists. There is some research evidence to support this claim.

Answer 69

culturally biased

Question 70

Attempts have been made to produce a language free, culture fair test of intelligence. The _____ is one such test.

Answer 70

Raven's progressive matrices

Question 71

Many children show considerable fluctuation in IQ scores through _____.

Answer 71

childhood

Question 72

Children may show both gains and loses in _____.

Answer 72

IQ scores

Question 73

Children who live in poverty or are being raised by parents with low IQs show noticeable _____ in IQ. This has been explained by the cumulative deficit hypothesis that suggests the negative effects of living in a ______ environment build up over time.

Answer 73

declines | non stimulating

Question 74

Some children do show noticeable gains in IQ. These tend to be children who are exposed to stimulating environments and have ______ who foster their achievement. Some of these children may have benefited from intervention programs such as Head Start, which have been show to produced improved IQ scors.

Answer 74

parents

Question 75

During ____ IQ scores become much more stable and continue to be so through a good deal of adulthood.

Answer 75

adolescence

Question 76

Research on intelligence in adulthood is very ____. Early research on intelligence in adulthood was cross sectional and longitudinal. There was agreement that the steepest decline occurred in the ____.

Answer 76

complex | 80's

Question 77

Schaie conducted a seminal sequential study of intelligence in adulthood which began in 1956 and ended in 1984. Schaie measured changes in fluid and _____ intelligence.

Answer 77

crystalized

Question 78

Schaie found that fluid intelligence did show declines in adulthood and that this decline began earlier and was more ______ than declines in crystallized intelligence.

Answer 78

steep

Question 79

Schaie found that crystallized intelligence remained the same or even improved and then started to decline somewhat after the ____. Not all people showed declines. There were some who maintained the same levels of both fluid and crystallized intelligence into later life.

Answer 79

60s

Question 80

Schaie found large birth cohort differences in the patterns of both fluid and crystallized intelligence in adulthood. ____ birth cohorts retained higher levels of intelligence into late adulthood than members of ____ birth cohorts.

Answer 80

younger | older

Question 81

What has been particularly challenging in the study of intellectual performance in older adults is controlling for the confounding factor of ______ and health.

Answer 81

disease

Question 82

Diseases like cardiovascular disease are correlated with steeper intelectual decline, and there also is a phenomenon that has been observed called _______, which is a rapid decline in intellectual performance shortly before death.

Answer 82

terminal drop

Question 83

Goleman recently suggested another form of intelligence he calls, _______, which is defined as a person's ability to understand, and adapt to ,emotion and emotional situations.

Answer 83

emotional intelligence or EQ

Question 84

People with high EQs have an exceptional ability to ______ and deal with their own emotions and the emotions expressed by other people.

Answer 84

understand

Question 85

Goleman's controversial prediction is that EQ is ____ predictor of success in life than IQ. It remains to be seen what the relationship is between EQ and intelligence.

Answer 85

better

Question 86

______ is the ability to produce something new and unique or that combines elements in new ways.

Answer 86

creativity

Question 87

Creative problem solving involves coming up with a solution that is both unusual and ____.

Answer 87

useful.

Question 88

Creative thinking usually involves _______, or thinking that produces many different correct answers to the same problem or question.

Answer 88

divergent thinking

Question 89

_____ thinking is when one correct answer is expected.

Answer 89

Convergent thinking | What is the capital of Illinois? one answer

Question 90

Convergent thinking does not appear to be related to ____.

Answer 90

creativity

Question 91

All creative thought is _____, not all divergent thought is creative.

Answer 91

divergent.

Question 92

Tests have been developed that measure creativity.

Answer 92

Remote Associates Test

Question 93

In general, these tests of creativity have not been good at predicting who will be creative in _____ problem solving situations.

Answer 93

real life

Question 94

There is a modest correlation between creativity and ___.

Answer 94

intelligence

Question 95

Highly creative people tend to have above average intelligence, but ____. But the factors that generally predict IQ in children , do not predict creavtivity.

Answer 95

not always

Question 96

Identical twins do not have ____ similar creativity scores than fraternal twins or siblings.

Answer 96

more

Question 97

Creativity seems to be a capacity that is maintained through _____.

Answer 97

later life

Question 98

Even if creative production declines in older adults, or if they score lower on measures of creativity, the ____ to be creative is still retained.

Answer 98

capacity