Chapter 8: Intelligence Throughout the Life Span Flashcards
Because _____ is a hypothetical construct, psychologists have disagreed on how to define it. Different tests, therefore, ask different questions and may measure different ____.
intelligence
abilities
The capacity to acquire and use knowledge.
intelligence
The total body of acquired knowledge.
intelligence
A major questions related to intelligence has been “does intelligence consist of a single core factor or does it consist of many separate, ______?
unrelated abilities
Spearman concluded that cognitive abilities could be narrowed down to one critical g-factor, or _____ intelligence.
general
JP Guilford proposed that intelligence consists of ____ distinct abilities.
150
LL Thurston used a ______ technique known as factor analysis to find 7 independent primary mental abilities; numerical ability, reasoning, verbal fluency, spatial visualization, perceptual ability, memory, and verbal comprehension
statistical
Raymond Cattell argued that a g-factor does exist, but cognitive ability consists of ____, reasoning and problem solving) and crystallized intelligence (specific knowledge gained from applying _____).
fluid intelligence
fluid intelligence
Sternbery proposed a _____ theory of intelligence that specifies 3 important parts of intelligence componential intelligence (includes metacomponents, perfomance components, and knowledge acquisiton components) experiential intelligence, and contextual intelligence.
triarchic theory of intelligence
Gardner’s theory of _____ proposed seven different components of intelligence that include not only language ability, logical-mathematical thinking, and spatial thinking but also musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal,and intrapersonal thinkng.
multiple
Early interest in intelligence testing dates back to the eugenics movement of _____.
Sir Frances Galton
Galton believed that it is possible to improve genetic characteristics (including intelligence) through ____.
breeding
The 1st effective test of intelligence was devised in the early 1900s by French psychologist ______.
Alfred Binet
Binet was appointed by the French Ministry of Public Instruction to design an intelligence test that would identify children who needed to be removed from the _____ classroom so that they could receive special instruction.
regular
Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon devised an intelligence test consisting of ____ subtests containing problems of increasing difficulty. The items on the test were designed to measure children’s judgement, reasoning, and ______.
30
comprehension
The first test was published in 1905 and then was revised in ____ and 1911.
1908
The 1908 revision of the Binet and Simon scale introduced the notion of _____.
mental age
______ is a measure of a child’s intellectual level that is independent of the child’s chronological age (actual age).
Mental age
Shortly after Binet’s original work, Terman of Stanford University and his colleagues helped refine and _____ the test for American children. Their version came to be the _____ intelligence scale, and its latest revisions are still being used today.
standardize
stanford-binet
Terman and others (Stern of Germany) developed the idea the IQ or ______ (sometimes referred to as the ratio IQ score).
intelligence quotient
To calculate IQ, a child’s mental age (MA) (as determined by how well he or she does on the test) is divided by his or her ______ and multiplied by 100.
chronological age (CA)
The major advantage of the IQ score over simple MA is that it gives an index of a child’s IQ test performance relative to others of the same _______.
chronological age
The major problem with the ration IQ score is that most people’s mental development slows in their ____. But a MA may remain fairly stable throughout adulthood, CA _____ over time. Using CA as the divisor in the IQ formula, therefore, results in an individuals IQ score diminishing over time (even though MA has not changed)
late teens
increases
David Wechsler corrected this problem with ratio IQ scores by devising the _____ IQ score.
deviation
The deviation IQ score is calculated by converting the ____ on each subtest of the test to standard scores normalized for each age group. These standard scores are then translated into deviation IQ scores.
raw scores
Wechsler reasoned that intelligence is normally distributed, or follows the _____ - that is the majority of people score at or around the mean, or average, score of 100 and progressively fewer people will achieve scores that spread out in either direction.
bellcurve
A group of IQ scores can be portrayed as a normal, bell curve with an average score of 100 and a standard deviation that is the same at ____.
every age level
The advantage of the deviation IQ is that the standing of an individual can be compared with the scores of others of the same age, and the intervals from age to age ____. Therefore, deviation IQ scores indicate exactly where a test taker falls in the ____ distribution of intelligence.
remain the same
normal
Terman adopted the deviation IQ as the scoring _____ for the 1960 revision of the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale, although he chose a standard deviation of 16 rather than 15. Almost all other intelligence tests today use deviation IQ scores.
standard
There are ____ intelligence tests today that are the most widely used and they are individually administered by trained psychologists to one test taker at a time.
2
The stanford-binet intelligence scale was published in 1916, by Terman and his colleagues. It remains one of the world’s most ____ used tests of intelligence (although there are criticisms of the scale).
widely
The stanford-binet intelligence scale can be used with individuals from age ____ through adulthood.
2
In the latest revision of the standford-binet intelligence scale the word intelligence has been replaced by ______. The terms intelligence, IQ, and mental age are not used; instead, the term ______ is used.
cognitive development.
Standard Age Score (SAS)
The latest revision, 4th edition of the stanford-binet intelligence test, measures ____ areas of cognitive development and a SAS can be calculated for each area as well as an overall composite score.
4
The stanford binet measures verbal reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and ______.
short term memory
Because the Stanford Binet initially appeared to be unsatisfactory for use with adults, in 1939 Welscher published a test designed exclusively for ____. This test has since been revised and now known as the ______ or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised.
adults
WAIS-R
Eventually, Wechsler published _____ (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd ed for children 6-16) and WPPSI-R (Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised for children ____ of age)
WISC-III
4-6 age
The Wechsler scales were known for at least two major _____ when they were first developed.
innovations
The first major innovation was that they were less dependent on verbal ability than the Stanford BInet and included many items that required ______. These tests allow the computation of 3 scores, a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, and an _____ full scale IQ score.
nonverbal reasoning
overall
The second major innovation, Weschler developed the deviation IQ score based on the normal distribution of intelligence and abandoned the notion of _______.
intelligence quotient
Wechsler’s scales of intelligence are still widely used and ____ today.
respected
The Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence is a test designed to be used with infants ages ___ to ____ months.
2 to 30
The Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence test has 3 scales including the motor scale, the mental scale, and the _____ record.
infant behavior
The Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence test measures the degree to which the infant has achieved developmental milestones, can coordinate ______, and can follow directions.
goal directed
Infants receive a developmental quotient (DQ) on the ______ test.
Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence.
Scores on the Bayley Scales do not predict _____ IQ very well. However, a low DQ score may be a sign of intelectual ______ or neurological problems.
later
disability
Intelligence tests, as with any other test, must have _______ and validity in order to be good quality.
reliability
Most intelligence tests used today demonstrate good reliability or _______ of scores.
consistency
The _____ of intelligence tests is the degree to which the tests measure what they are intended to measure.
validity
Validity is often assessed using ______ validity. This entails correlating test scores with another independent measure of intelligence.
criterion
The validity of intelligence tests depends on the criterion _____.
being used
i.e. they do a good job of predicting success in school.
Although intelligence test scores correlate with ______, they do not predict performance within a given occupation.
occupational attainment
Intelligence tests have been criticized as being ____.
biased
Children who have low socioeconomic status score on average ______ than children from middle to upper socioeconomic classes.
lower
Some experts suggest that mainstream intelligence tests tap into experiences that people from the _________ groups have rather than the experiences of people from low status backgrounds. This ____ has led to several recent attempts to create a culture fair intelligence test.
middle to upper status
test bias
Intelligence test scores can and ____ change over time. It is possible to make ____ gains or loses in intelligence during adolescence and adulthood.
do
substantial
The nature vs nurture debate related to intelligence addresses whether ______ or environment determines one’s intellectual skills.
heredity
_____ is an estimate of how much of a trait in a population is determined by genetic inheritance.
Heritability
______ have become the most popular research tool to examine whether heredity or environment determines one’s intellectual skills.
twin studies
Correlational studies with twins suggest that ____ influences the development of intelligence.
heredity
i.e. the correlation of iq scores for identical twins is higher than the correlation for fraternal twins
Even identical twins reared ____ have more similar IQs than fraternal twins reared together in the same household.
apart
There is research to indicate that environment also exerts an _____ on intelligence.
influence
Sandra Scarr and other researchers have shown that _______ children placed in homes that provide an enriching intellectual environment have shown moderate but consistent increases in intelligence.
underprivileged
Children placed in various enrichment programs have also shown gains in ____.
IQ
The IQs of identical twins reared together in the same environment are more _____ than those for identical twins reared apart.
similar
The term _____ has been applied to the nature vs nurture debate of intelligence. ______ implies that genetics may limit or define a potential range of IQ, but that environment can influence where along this range an individual’s IQ score falls.
reaction range
reaction range
_____ and cultural differences in IQ are very small when compared to the range of genetic differences within each group.
Racial
Research has suggested, that the differences between mean intelligence test scores for black and white Americans may be due to differences in parental education, nutrition, _____, schools, motivation for doing well on a test.
health care
Many have argued that intelligence tests are ______ biased because they have been developed by white, middle class psychologists. There is some research evidence to support this claim.
culturally biased
Attempts have been made to produce a language free, culture fair test of intelligence. The _____ is one such test.
Raven’s progressive matrices
Many children show considerable fluctuation in IQ scores through _____.
childhood
Children may show both gains and loses in _____.
IQ scores
Children who live in poverty or are being raised by parents with low IQs show noticeable _____ in IQ. This has been explained by the cumulative deficit hypothesis that suggests the negative effects of living in a ______ environment build up over time.
declines
non stimulating
Some children do show noticeable gains in IQ. These tend to be children who are exposed to stimulating environments and have ______ who foster their achievement. Some of these children may have benefited from intervention programs such as Head Start, which have been show to produced improved IQ scors.
parents
During ____ IQ scores become much more stable and continue to be so through a good deal of adulthood.
adolescence
Research on intelligence in adulthood is very ____. Early research on intelligence in adulthood was cross sectional and longitudinal. There was agreement that the steepest decline occurred in the ____.
complex
80’s
Schaie conducted a seminal sequential study of intelligence in adulthood which began in 1956 and ended in 1984. Schaie measured changes in fluid and _____ intelligence.
crystalized
Schaie found that fluid intelligence did show declines in adulthood and that this decline began earlier and was more ______ than declines in crystallized intelligence.
steep
Schaie found that crystallized intelligence remained the same or even improved and then started to decline somewhat after the ____. Not all people showed declines. There were some who maintained the same levels of both fluid and crystallized intelligence into later life.
60s
Schaie found large birth cohort differences in the patterns of both fluid and crystallized intelligence in adulthood. ____ birth cohorts retained higher levels of intelligence into late adulthood than members of ____ birth cohorts.
younger
older
What has been particularly challenging in the study of intellectual performance in older adults is controlling for the confounding factor of ______ and health.
disease
Diseases like cardiovascular disease are correlated with steeper intelectual decline, and there also is a phenomenon that has been observed called _______, which is a rapid decline in intellectual performance shortly before death.
terminal drop
Goleman recently suggested another form of intelligence he calls, _______, which is defined as a person’s ability to understand, and adapt to ,emotion and emotional situations.
emotional intelligence or EQ
People with high EQs have an exceptional ability to ______ and deal with their own emotions and the emotions expressed by other people.
understand
Goleman’s controversial prediction is that EQ is ____ predictor of success in life than IQ. It remains to be seen what the relationship is between EQ and intelligence.
better
______ is the ability to produce something new and unique or that combines elements in new ways.
creativity
Creative problem solving involves coming up with a solution that is both unusual and ____.
useful.
Creative thinking usually involves _______, or thinking that produces many different correct answers to the same problem or question.
divergent thinking
_____ thinking is when one correct answer is expected.
Convergent thinking
What is the capital of Illinois? one answer
Convergent thinking does not appear to be related to ____.
creativity
All creative thought is _____, not all divergent thought is creative.
divergent.
Tests have been developed that measure creativity.
Remote Associates Test
In general, these tests of creativity have not been good at predicting who will be creative in _____ problem solving situations.
real life
There is a modest correlation between creativity and ___.
intelligence
Highly creative people tend to have above average intelligence, but ____. But the factors that generally predict IQ in children , do not predict creavtivity.
not always
Identical twins do not have ____ similar creativity scores than fraternal twins or siblings.
more
Creativity seems to be a capacity that is maintained through _____.
later life
Even if creative production declines in older adults, or if they score lower on measures of creativity, the ____ to be creative is still retained.
capacity
