Chapter 12: Learning

Question 1

____ is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience, practice, or both.

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

______ is the most rudimentary form of learning.

Answer 2

habituation

Question 3

Both humans and animals may be biologically prepared to learn some associations more readily than others. The associations that are more readily learned may be ones that increase chances for ____.

Answer 3

survival

Question 4

_____ conditioning occurs when a new neutral stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus (CS) and eventually comes to produce the conditioned response. If after Albert was classically conditioned, a dog was always paired with the rat, eventually Albert would display the fear response to the dog.

Answer 4

higher order

Question 5

In operant conditioning responses are learned becuase of their ____.

Answer 5

consequences

Question 6

Unlike classical conditioning, the responses learned in operant/instrumental conditioning are ____

Answer 6

voluntary

Question 7

_____ occurs in operant conditioning by removing the reinforcers.

Answer 7

extinction

Question 8

_____ reinforcers are necessary to meet biological needs and include food, water, air, etc.

Answer 8

primary

Question 9

_____ reinforcers have acquired value and are not necessary for survival.

Answer 9

secondary

money, grades, a pat on the back

Question 10

How easily an operant response is extinguised is dependent, in part, on how often that response was ________ or its schedule of reinforcement.

Answer 10

reinforced

Question 11

Behaviors that are reinforced continously (100%) are ____ to extinguish than behaviors that are not reinforced 100% of the time.

Answer 11

easier

Question 12

_____ schedule is when reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.

Answer 12

fixed ratio
 (i.e. every 3rd time the dog sits he gets a biscuit)

Question 13

_____ schedules produce the fastest rate of extinction because the subject realizes quickly that reinforcement has stopped.

Answer 13

fixed ratio

Question 14

_____ schedule is when reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses. Reinforcement may occur after 10 responses and on another occasion after 50. The rate of reinforcement depends upon the rate of responding. The faster, the more reinforcers received.

Answer 14

variable ratio

i.e. slot machines

Question 15

_____ shedules produce steady, high rates of responding and is extremely resistant to extinction.

Answer 15

variable ratio

Question 16

_____ schedule is when reinforcement is given after the first response aafter a given amount of time has elapsed. This may mean an enforcer every 5 minutes.

Answer 16

fixed interval

ie. being paid one a month

Question 17

_____ schedules produce a low rate of responding at the beginning of the interval and a high rate at the end.

Answer 17

fixed interval

Question 18

_____ schedule is when reinforcement is giver after the 1st response after a varying amount of time has elapsed.

Answer 18

variable interval

i.e. pop quizzes

Question 19

_____ schedule produces a steady, slow rate of responding.

Answer 19

variable interval

Question 20

______ schedules produce higher response rates than the interval schedules.

Answer 20

ratio

Question 21

____ schedules are usually harder to extinguish than fixed schedules because that are less predictable.

Answer 21

variabl

Question 22

American behaviorist BF skinner devised a device called the ______.

Answer 22

skinner box

Question 23

_____ is very important for punishment to be effective - the sooner the punishment is deliverd after the undersired behavior occures, the better the learning.

Answer 23

timing

Question 24

Punishment must also be ____ enough to eleimnate the undersirable response.

Answer 24

sever

Question 25

_____ often provides a model of aggressive behavior, and the person punished may learn that aggression is a method for solving problems.

Answer 25

punishment

Question 26

Many behaviorist today suggest that punishment be avoided as a method of conditioning. Instead, they recommend the use of ____ to weaken an inappropriate response and reinformcent to increase approbpriate behaviors.

Answer 26

extinction

Question 27

_____ learning is guided by 4 processes: attention, retention, repoduction of action, and motivation.

Answer 27

observational

Question 28

Attention must be paid to the salient features of another’s actions. _____ or status of a model can influence whether another’s actions are notice.

Answer 28

Prestige

Question 29

An observed behavior must be remembered in order to be carried out, which is called ____.

Answer 29

retention

Question 30

We must be able to carry out the behavior that we observed, which is called _____

Answer 30

reproduction of action.

Question 31

There must be come reason for carrying out the behavior. Observing someone being rewarded for a behavior increases the liklihood that the behavior wil be perfomed which is the ____.

Answer 31

motivation

Question 32

In Bandura’s doll experiment that found that children learned the aggressive behavior even when the adult was not _____

Answer 32

reinforced for this behavior

Question 33

Later research indicated that children who watched an agressive model being reinforced were much more aggressive in a similar situation than children who saw the model _____ for the aggressive actions.

Answer 33

punished