Chapter 6: Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Question 1

Thinking is defined as the _____ of mental representations.

Answer 1

manipulation

Question 2

_____ includes the mental activities involved in the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of knowledge.

Answer 2

Cognition

Question 3

The most rapid cognitive development takes place during the first few years of life when the brain is _____.

Answer 3

growing rapidly

Question 4

Cognitive development is best described as a _____ process.

Answer 4

life long

Question 5

A ______ is a label that represents a class or group of objects, people, or events that share common characteristics or qualities.

Answer 5

concept

Question 6

We organize our thinking by using concepts, and concepts allow us to thing about something new by relating it to a ____ we already know.

Answer 6

concept

Question 7

Some concepts are well defined, and each member of the concept has all of the defining properties; no ______ does…such as registered voters.

Answer 7

nonmembers

you either are registered to vote or note

Question 8

Some concepts don’t have defined featured but have at least some of the same characteristics such as ______, whcih range from chickens to sparrows.

Answer 8

birds

Question 9

______ are objects or events that best represent a concept. A sparrow or robin would be considered a ______ bird by many individuals. New concepts are easier to learn if they are organized around a _____.

Answer 9

prototypes
prototypical
prototype

Question 10

Elements of cognitive development include: 3

Answer 10

concepts
reasoning
problem solving

Question 11

____ involves processing info to reach a conclusion.

Answer 11

reasoning

Question 12

Reasoning includes evaluating and generating ____ to reach a conclusion.

Answer 12

arguments

Question 13

Inductive reasoning involves reasoning from the specific to the _____.

Answer 13

general

i.e. drawing conclusions about all members of a category or concept based on only some members is inductive reasoning

Question 14

Deductive reasoning is reasoning from the general to the _____.

Answer 14

specific.

Question 15

Making a prediction based on a theory involves ______ reasoning.

Answer 15

deductive

Question 16

______reasoning involves using mental procedures that yield valid conclusions.

Answer 16

logical

Question 17

Problem solving is the mental activity used when we want to reach a certain goal that is not ______.

Answer 17

readily available

Question 18

_______ includes understanding the problem; planning a solution; carrying out the solution; and evaluating the results.

Answer 18

problem solving

Question 19

Problem representation or the way you think about a problem can make it easier or harder to _____.

Answer 19

solve

Question 20

We can represent problems visually, ______, with symbols, or concretely with objects.

Answer 20

verbally

Question 21

Piaget believed cognitive development proceeded through _____ stages.

Answer 21

four

Question 22

Piaget cognitive development stages

Answer 22

sensorimotor intelligence
preoperations stage
concrete operations
formal operations

Question 23

Piaget’ cognitive development stage from birth to approximately 18 months of age.

Answer 23

sensorimotor intelligence stage

Question 24

Piaget’ cognitive development stage from 2 to 7 years of age.

Answer 24

preoperations stage

Question 25

Piaget’ cognitive development stage from 7 - 12 years of age.

Answer 25

concrete operations

Question 26

Piaget’ cognitive development stage from 12 years on.

Answer 26

formal operations

Question 27

Children’s thinking become more _____ as they progress through the stages with the end result being the capacity to think logically and to problem solve using abstract ______.

Answer 27

logical

concepts

Question 28

Through a process Piaget called ______, children construct cognitive schema to organize their experiences.

Answer 28

adaptation

Question 29

________ involves the complementary processes of assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 29

Adaptation

Question 30

According to Piaget, the order in which children pass through the 4 stages of cognitive development dont vary but the ___ at which children pass through them can vary child to child.

Answer 30

rate

Question 31

Piaget argued that each stage of cognitive development represents a ______ different way of thinking. Children in each stage think differently from children in other stages, because the way they think changes.

Answer 31

qualitatively

Question 32

Vygotsky disagreed with _______explanation of cognitive development.

Answer 32

Piaget’s

Question 33

______ believed that children interact not only with objects in their environment but with people in a sociocultural context.

Answer 33

Vygotsky

Question 34

______ is Vygotsky’s term for how older adults transmit the values and beliefs of the culture to children.

Answer 34

Guided participation

Question 35

Vygotsky used the term ______ to describe children’s problem solving ability with and without the aid of an older guide.

Answer 35

zone of proximal development

Question 36

In the zone of proximal development, Vygotsky believed that working alone, a child performs at the ____ level of his or her zone, but working with a teacher or parent, a child can perform at the ______.

Answer 36

lower level

upper level

Question 37

Vygotsky observed that teachers and parents will adjust the amount of _____ they provide as the child shows more sophisticated problem solving behaviors.

Answer 37

scaffolding

Question 38

______ believed that language also played a role in thinking.

Answer 38

Vygotsky

Question 39

Social speech, speech that involves talking with other people, leads to ____, talking aloud to oneself, which eventually becomes ______.

Answer 39

private speech

inner speech

Question 40

Three and four year olds often talk aloud which engaged in an activity which is an example of _____.

Answer 40

private speech

Question 41

Often children increase the use of ______ speech when they are stuck on a problem or with a task.

Answer 41

inner speech

Question 42

A relatively new and popular approach to studying ______ comes from the information processing approach.

Answer 42

cognition

Question 43

In the information processing approach theorists use a _____ as a metaphor for the human mind, which is viewed as an information processing machine.

Answer 43

computer

Question 44

Studying how the mind ____ info has led to new understanding about cognitive processes.

Answer 44

processes

Question 45

_____ has received a great deal of attention by info processing theorists.

Answer 45

memory

Question 46

Memory is information storage and involves the processes of registration, _____, storage, and retrieval.

Answer 46

encoding

Question 47

______ theorists study cognitive development by examining changes to these and other processes that occur with age. They tend to argue that development is more _____

Answer 47

information processing

continuous than discontinuous

Question 48

Changes that occur with age frequently are describes as _____ or speed improvements but not the emergence of qualitatively new processes.

Answer 48

capacity

Question 49

The memory systems include: 3

Answer 49

sensory memory
working memory (primary or short term memory)
long term memory (secondary memory)

Question 50

Information that comes into a sensory pereceptual system, registers automatically in ______ memory.

Answer 50

sensory

Question 51

The sensory register holds info for a very brief period of time, up to _____.

Answer 51

only a few seconds

Question 52

Information that is not transferred from sensory memory to ______ memory is lost. The process that causes this transfer is attention

Answer 52

working

Question 53

______ is a cognitive resource, cognitive energy if you will, that captures sensory perceptual info for further processing.

Answer 53

Attenion

Question 54

Attention to info in sensory memory moves that info to _______.

Answer 54

working memory

Question 55

Info can be held in working memory for slightly longer time periods compared to sensory memory or retained even longer through the process of _________.

Answer 55

rehearsal

Question 56

An example of rehearsal is repeating the telephone number of a pizzeria to yourself while you walk to the ____. If rehearsal stops, the info will be lost after ____ seconds unless it is further processed to be stored in ______.

Answer 56

telephone

long term memory

Question 57

Working or short term memory is also limited in the amount of info it can hold _____.

Answer 57

at one time

Question 58

The average adult can hold between ___ to ____ bits of info in short term memory.

Answer 58

5 - 9

Question 59

______ proposed the magical number seven, plus or minus two, as the capacity of short term memory.

Answer 59

George Miller

Question 60

The _____ of short term memory can be increased by using larger chunks of info or by what Miller referred to as chunking.

Answer 60

capacity

Question 61

_____ involves organizing or grouping separate bits of info into larger units or chunks.

Answer 61

chunking

Question 62

An example of ______ is when 5 8 1 2 7 8 6 3 is remembered as 58 12 78 63. This transforms eight bits of information into four, thereby freeing up space in short term memory.

Answer 62

chunking

Question 63

Short term memory is also called ____ memory because a great deal of info processing takes place in that system.

Answer 63

working

Question 64

Where does conscious thinking take place?

Answer 64

short term aka working memory

Question 65

In order for info to be stored (transferred) into long term memory, it must be _____.

Answer 65

encoded.

Question 66

The better the encoding done in short term memory, the better the chance the info can be retrieved from _____.

Answer 66

long term memory

Question 67

Long term memory is the system that holds info for an _____ period of time.

Answer 67

extended

Question 68

Some info processing theorists suggest long term memories are ____ and what we call forgetting is a failure of ______ not loss of memory. However, there is a great deal of disagreement and several competing theories of forgetting.

Answer 68

permanent

retrieval

Question 69

Unlike short term memory, long term memory appears to have ______ storage capacity.

Answer 69

unlimited

Question 70

Long term memory is very _____ system.

Answer 70

organized

Question 71

Research has suggested that new memories are fit into a network of ______, organized knowledge.

Answer 71

pre-existing

Question 72

What we think of as remembering is the process of locating and ______ info from long term storage.

Answer 72

retrieving

Question 73

Retrieval can be either ___ or _____.

Answer 73

recall or recognition

Question 74

_____ is remembering when the cue for retrieval is the info to be remembered.

Answer 74

recognition

Question 75

Selecting the correct response to a multiple choice question is an example of ______.

Answer 75

recognition

Question 76

_____, a much more difficult retrieval process, involves remembering after being given a less helpful cue.

Answer 76

recall

Question 77

Answering teh question, “what did you eat for breakfast?” is an example of the ____ process.

Answer 77

recall

Question 78

According to Piaget’s theory, newborns are equipped with ___ perceptual systems that enable them to interact with the environment.

Answer 78

sensory

Question 79

Young infants explore their environment by sucking on objects, holding and manipulating them, and visually tracking them. Out of this sensorimotor activity, infants construct ______.

Answer 79

sensorimotor schema.

Question 80

A _____ is an organized pattern of action or though.

Answer 80

scheme

Question 81

An example of a ____ is the grasping scheme in which an infant must coordinate a sequence of actions to succesfully grasp an object.

Answer 81

sensorimotor scheme

Question 82

During Piaget’s sensorimotor stage a child constructs ____ shema and improve their ability to engage in coordinated action. A child in this stage develops skills in _______ when the problem involves sensorimotor activities or goals.

Answer 82

motor

problem solving

Question 83

During the ______ stage another achievement is object permanence.

Answer 83

sensorimotor

Question 84

_______ can be tested by taking a toy and hiding it under a blanket in full view of the child then observing their reactions. Infants 4-8 months act as if an object is ____ there. Between 8-12 months of age a child will ___- under the blanket.

Answer 84

Object permanence
not there
search

Question 85

Object permanence is not fully grasped according to Piaget until the _____ of the first stage, sensorimotor stage.

Answer 85

end.

Question 86

The final achievements of the sensorimotor stage are _____ which is the ability to use one thing to stand for another, and deferred imitation.

Answer 86

symbolic representation

Question 87

______ is illustrated in the pretend play of children. Children can and will use a broom for a horse.

Answer 87

symbolic representation

Question 88

______ is modeling someone else’s behavior some time after observing the model.

Answer 88

Deferred imitation

Question 89

When a child engages in pretend play and shows deferred imitation, he or she has shifted into the second stage of ______.

Answer 89

preoperations

Question 90

Piaget gave this stage the name peoperations because even though a child in this stage is capable of using mental schema (operations), these schema are not _____

Answer 90

logical

Question 91

The preoperations stage describes the way that children in preschool and kindergarten go about _______.

Answer 91

problem solving

Question 92

The _______ child lacks the logical concepts of conservation, classification, seriation, and class inclusion which develops in the next stage.

Answer 92

preoperational

Question 93

______ is the understanding that the quantity of liquid, or number, or volume does not change unless you add or take some away.

Answer 93

conservation

Question 94

Preoperational thinkers are fooled by the ____ change in how liquid looks and believe the quantity has changed when its in a small beaker and then a big beaker.

Answer 94

perceptual

Question 95

_____ is the ability to rank order objects on a dimension like height or length.

Answer 95

seriation

Question 96

_____ is the ability to organize items into groups based on shared characteristics or features.

Answer 96

classification

Question 97

_______ is the ability to represent exemplars of categories in superordinate and subordinate levels.

Answer 97

class inclusion

Question 98

_____ have difficulty keeping levels of a hierachically organized system in mind at the same time.

Answer 98

toddlers

Question 99

Children in the _____ stage engage in egocentric thinking.

Answer 99

preoperational

Question 100

Egocentric thinking are unable to take the _______ of another person.

Answer 100

perspective

Question 101

Piaget first demonstrated egocentrism with his ______.

Answer 101

3 mountain task

Question 102

_______ stage children do not reason logically about cause and effect, which is called transductive reasoning.

Answer 102

preoperational

Question 103

Preoperational children engage in _____ thinking and project human abilities and traits onto inanimate objects.

Answer 103

animistic

Question 104

Preoperational children’s thinking lacks ____, that is the ability to mentally rewind a though.

Answer 104

reversibility

Question 105

_____ operations and formal operations, describe cognitive development during the times that most students are in school.

Answer 105

concrete

Question 106

The third stage, ____, is the beginning of operational thinking and describes the thinking of children between the ages of 7-11. learners at this age begin to decenter.

Answer 106

concrete operations

Question 107

During concrete operations children can take into consideration _____ other then their own. Can perform transformations, meaning that they can understand reversibility, inversion, reciprocity, and conversion. They can make inferences about reality and engage in _____ reasoning.

Answer 107

viewpoints

inductive

Question 108

_____ operations is the last stage of cognitive development and opens wide the higher-ordered, critical thinking.

Answer 108

formal

Question 109

Formal operations describes the way of thinking for learners between the ages of _____ and constitutes the ultimate stage of cognitive development.

Answer 109

11-15

Question 110

According to Piaget, not all people reach what stage?

Answer 110

Formal operations

Question 111

The end goal of cognitive development for Piaget is ______ reasoning about abstract concepts.

Answer 111

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 112

Elkind pointed out that there is anew form of egocentrism that emerges in adolescence which he called adolescent _______.

Answer 112

egocentrism.

Question 113

Adolescent egocentrism takes two forms, imaginary audience and _______.

Answer 113

personal fable

Question 114

Imaginary audience comes from the belief that other people are _____ on what you think is important. I.e. your pimple.

Answer 114

focused

Question 115

_____ is believing that what you feel and experience is unique.

Answer 115

Personal fable

i.e. the adolescent believes that no one else has ever been as sad, as happy, as in love

Question 116

Labouvie-Vief suggests that there is an additional form of thought after adolescence called ______.

Answer 116

post formal operations

Question 117

Labouvie-Vief’s idea of post formal operations is a way of thinking that is characterized by the understanding that there is often more than one _____ to a problem.

Answer 117

right answer

Question 118

To the relavistic thinker, truth is understood as ______ to the knower and problems are understood to have more than one possible solution.

Answer 118

relative

Question 119

An ____ thinker thinks linearly and expects that there is one truth and that every problem has one correct solution.

Answer 119

absolute

Question 120

Another capacity we tend to associate with adulthood and aging is _____.

Answer 120

wisdom

Question 121

_______ is defined as insight into the practical problems of life.

Answer 121

wisdom

Question 122

While we assume wisdom comes with age, research has shown that not all older adults are wise and that wisdom comes more from the ______ and richness of lived experience than from chronological age.

Answer 122

quality

Question 123

Over the course of development, children use more and more sophisticated methods to _____, and their memory performance improves as a result.

Answer 123

remember

Question 124

Although young infants (3 months or younger) demonstrate memory capability when they recognize and remember familiar people, smells, objects, etc., but the use of intentional strategies for remembering have not been documented until the age of _____.

Answer 124

two

Question 125

The early strategies for remembering include looking, pointing, and ____.

Answer 125

naming

Question 126

By early elementary school, children are using ____ as a method for remembering.

Answer 126

rehearsal

Question 127

_____ is a generic term for a variety of memory strategies that involve repetition as a method of remembering (i.e. repeating the phone number over and over until you dial, writing your spelling words ten times).

Answer 127

rehearsal

Question 128

While 3 and 4 year olds will rarely use the strategy of rehearsal, 10% of 5 year olds, ____% of 7 year old and nealry ____% of 10 year olds will.

Answer 128

50% of 7 year olds

85% of 10 year olds

Question 129

Organization, or ______, strategies develop by 7-9 years of age and involve the semantic grouping of materials into meaningful units (i.e. by grouping words by their prefix)

Answer 129

clustering

Question 130

______ strategies involve creating verbal or visual connections that add meaning to material and do not develop until adolescence or later.

Answer 130

elaborative
i.e. creating the phrase “Every good boy does fine” to remember that e,g,b,d, and f are the lines of the treble clef in music.

Question 131

______ or the executive function is the capacity to be aware of one’s own cognitive processing.

Answer 131

metacognition

Question 132

_____ is one’s knowledge about memory, and it has been divided into person (everything we know about the memory abilities of ourselves and others), task (everything we know about memory tasks), and strategy (everything we know about techniques of learning and remembering) factors.

Answer 132

Metamemory

Question 133

As with strategy use, metamemory improves with _____ during childhood.

Answer 133

age

Question 134

At first, young children are unrealistic and make overly optimistic predictions about their memories (i.e. they can remember everything) and with age they become more realistic in their expectations. They also know more about possible _____ for remembering with age.

Answer 134

strategies

Question 135

Older children have a greater memory ____, coming closer to the adult capacity of 7 plus or minus 2 items.

Answer 135

capacity

Question 136

Older children are more aware of effective memory strategies and are more likely to use ______ and elaboration over rehearsal.

Answer 136

organization

Question 137

Older children also have more metamemory _____. These improvements continue through adolescence.

Answer 137

awareness

Question 138

Researchers studying memory processing in adulthood describe a general decline in ______ and in speed of processing.

Answer 138

cognitive capacity

Question 139

It is also possible that older adults do not perform as well on _____ tests as younger adults because of anxiety about their performance, _____ factors, or because of the non meaningful info that participants are typically asked to remember in a memory experiment.

Answer 139

memory

motivational

Question 140

Older adults are able to compensate for changes in memory ability because of their increasing knowledge base, and _______ knowledge for important tasks.

Answer 140

specialized

Question 141

Sieglar has studied problem solving in children using what he has called a ______ approach. He observed problem solving in participants aged 3-20 years to determine what aspects of the problem they focused on and what ______ they developed based on that info to solve the problem.

Answer 141

rule assessment

rule

Question 142

Sieglar observed that most _____ will just guess at a solution.

Answer 142

3 year olds

Question 143

Sieglar observed that 4 -5 year olds will select information they deem to be _____ and form a rule using that info. the issue with their problem solving is that they fail to take all ______ information into account when forming the rule.

Answer 143

important

important

Question 144

By age ____, children are sophisticated in determining all of the info relevant to the problem and then forming a rule to apply in solving it.

Answer 144

12

Question 145

_____ adults often perform best on problem solving tasks in domains in which they have a great deal of knowledge and experience. They solve problems more efficiently in their area of expertise than outside their expertise.

Answer 145

older

Question 146

Older adults also outperform younger subjects on problem solving tasks that involve _____ problems.

Answer 146

everyday

Question 147

This build up of domain specific knowledge and experience in solving everyday problems compensates for the slowing down of _____ processing that has been found in older adults.

Answer 147

cognitive

Question 148

______ is the process of focusing on particular aspects of the sensory world.

Answer 148

attention

Question 149

Infants attention is captured by stimuli more they they are capable of controlling and directing their ______.

Answer 149

attention

Question 150

An infant’s looking is attracted by a novel stimulus rather than _____ directed toward that stimulus.

Answer 150

intentionally

Question 151

As a child develops, attention changes to become more selective and attention span ______.

Answer 151

lengthens

Question 152

________ is directing one’s attention toward a particular aspect of the sensory field while at the same time ignoring other distracting stimuli.

Answer 152

selective attention

Question 153

Selective attention research has shown that the ability to guide one’s attention begins around the age of ___.

Answer 153

two

Question 154

During the school years, selective attention continues to improve, but children still have ____ ignoring distracting stimuli.

Answer 154

difficulty

Question 155

______ are much better at selective attention tasks and do very well on tasks that require divided attention, which is systematically switching attention between 2 on going tasks.

Answer 155

Adolescents

Question 156

Older adults perform more _____ than younger adults on selective attention and divided attention tasks. The more distracters during the task, the ____ older adults perform.

Answer 156

poorly

worse

Question 157

The ability to ignore irrelevant stimulus appears to decline with ____.

Answer 157

age

Question 158

Visual search experiments examine how participants search complex arrays for pre-identified targets by recording _______ during this search.

Answer 158

eye movements

Question 159

Older children’s searches are more systematic than _____ children.

Answer 159

younger

Question 160

The eye movements of younger children appear to be ____ directed at different parts of the stimulus array.

Answer 160

randomly

Question 161

Between ages ____ and ____, visual search of a stimulus becomes more controlled and systematic.

Answer 161

4-10

Question 162

Adolescents continue to ____ visual search tasks.

Answer 162

improve

Question 163

Older adults are ____ on visual search tasks than younger adults and because of their declining ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli, they do worse as the number of distracters in the array ______ or the similarity between the distracters and the target increases.

Answer 163

slower

increase

Question 164

Older adults benefit from training on visual search tasks, so this decline does not appear to be _____.

Answer 164

irreversible

Question 165

Some researchers report that on familiar and on less complex search tasks, older adults perform just as well as _____ adults.

Answer 165

yonger

Question 166

Attention spans increase from ______ in 2 -3 year olds to more than an hour in six year olds.

Answer 166

18 minutes

Question 167

Learning to read requires these attentional capacities and is probably the most significant attention perceptual ______ for children.

Answer 167

challenge

Question 168

Throughout adolescense and adulthood attention span _____.

Answer 168

lengthens

Question 169

The time from 2 - 5 years has been named the ____ years.

Answer 169

play

Question 170

Play serves a variety of function in children’s ______.

Answer 170

development.

Question 171

Play, reflects, as well as stimulates, _____ development, and it helps children develop social interaction skills.

Answer 171

cognitive

Question 172

The child engages in several major categories of play: sensorimotor (or functional) play, ____, parallel play, associative play, or _____ play.

Answer 172

pretend play

cooperative play

Question 173

The type of play children are engaged in depends on the existence and degree of interaction among _____.

Answer 173

the players

Question 174

____ play is engaged in during infancy and involves the manipulation of objects.

Answer 174

sensorimotor play

Question 175

Sensorimotor or functional play provides the child with pleasurable stimulation but also serves a cognitive purpose as described by ____.

Answer 175

piaget

Question 176

_____ play also consists of motor activities such as crawling, walking, running, or waving.

Answer 176

sensorimotor or functional

i.e. older infants or toddlers pushing a toy car back and forth for no reason

Question 177

_____ or imaginative play involves games of make believe. According to Piaget this type of play requires the cognitive ability of ______.

Answer 177

pretend

symbolic representation

Question 178

______ is a major form of imaginative play. However, it involves no physical activity as compared to the other types of play. It’s pure imaginative play.

Answer 178

daydreaming

Question 179

____ play begins shortly after infancy in which children play side by side but do not interact. They might use the same play materials but any sharing is unintentional.

Answer 179

parallel play

Question 180

_____ and _____ year olds gradually engage in more associative play than parallel play.

Answer 180

4-5

Question 181

_____ play is when children playing near each other interact and may intentionally share tools or toys during play, but their play does not have a common goal.

Answer 181

associative

Question 182

Between the ages of two and five, children begin to act out fantasies, pretending that they are ____. When children find that they share knowledge of various characters or fantasies, they engage in ____ play as they act out fantasies together.

Answer 182

various characters

cooperative

Question 183

Any type of play that involves interaction and cooperation among the players is called _____.

Answer 183

cooperative

Question 184

One special type of cooperative play is called ______ play. This type requires that the child’s imagination and perception be highly active and alert quick to pick up cues from the other players. It’s comparable to the improvisation of professional actors.

Answer 184

sociodramatic

Question 185

Through ______ play, the child learns how to behave in society. In addition, the groundwork is laid for interpersonal relationship.s

Answer 185

sociodramatic

Question 186

In addition to teaching the child how to interact socially, play is also an influencing factor in ______.

Answer 186

cognition

Question 187

Sutton-Smith considered play an activity in which the infant can work through new responses and ____ and increase his or her range of responses.

Answer 187

operations

Question 188

Sutton-Smith called play a mechanism for the “______”

Answer 188

socialization of novelty

Question 189

Sutton-Smith believed children who play is varied are given a chance to experience situations that increase their ability to respond _______ to novel situations that may arise in the future.

Answer 189

appropriately

Question 190

Children whose play is ______ are less able to respond in unfamiliar situations. Thus, play enlarges a child’s repertoire of responses and thereby allows him or her to adjust quickly to new situations.

Answer 190

restricted

Question 191

There are cultural and ____ influences on cognitive development.

Answer 191

environment

Question 192

There are many factors, that cause intellectual disability in children that stem from prenatal and childhood _____.

Answer 192

environments

Question 193

Although the domains of development (biological, cognitive, psychosocial, are discussed separately, they in fact interact ______.

Answer 193

throughout life

Question 194

Poor nutrition or poor ______, can have a negative impact on cognitive development.

Answer 194

social relationships

Question 195

Early childhood education programs can ______ influence cognitive development.

Answer 195

positively

Question 196

The key factors of early childhood education programs that promote cognitive growth are having a staff that feels qualified to create an appropriate curriculum and to respond to the _____ needs of children, taking a holisitc approach when designing the curriculum so activities in different domains like music and ____ are integrated and having parents involved in the program.

Answer 196

educational

reading

Question 197

The ____ environment cna have an affect on cognitive development.

Answer 197

family

Question 198

Caldwell and Bradley have developed the ______ scale to assess the amount of intellectual stimulation int he home environment.

Answer 198

HOME

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment

Question 199

HOME measures things such as the amount of appropriate play materials, ______ with children, and the amount of intellectual stimulation (i.e. number of books in the home).

Answer 199

parental involvement

Question 200

Studies have shown that scores on the HOME scale positively correlate with later measures of _____.

Answer 200

intelligence

Question 201

Adopted children show gains in IQ scores when they move from an impoverished household to a _______ one.

Answer 201

stimulating

Question 202

Children who live in households with high HOME scores tend to show gains in ______ between the ages of 1 and 3 years old, while the opposite is true of children from households with low HOME scores. These patterns hold for European American and ____ households but not Mexican American households. More research is needed.

Answer 202

IQ scores

African American

Question 203

Developmental psychologists have investigated whether the pattern of cognitive development described by Piaget Piaget is _____, found in all children.

Answer 203

universal

Question 204

_____ pioneered the study of cultural influences on cognitive development to test this universality.

Answer 204

Michael Cole

Question 205

Michael Cole’s study of the development of thinking in children from non-Western cultures showed children in those cultures took longer to achieve _____ and were unable to achieve formal operations. The explanation for this difference is that the achievement of these stages correlates with formal schooling. Cultures that define intelligence as logical, hypothetico-deductive thought design schooling to foster the development of this type of ____.

Answer 205

concrete operations

reasoning

Question 206

Culture influences _____ development.

Answer 206

cogntive